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what are the radiological signs of heart failure?
Alveolar shadowing, B lines, Cardiomegaly, Diversion to upper lobe, Effusion
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what are the radiological signs of COPD?
hyperinflation (>8 ant ribs), flat hemi-d, decreased lung markings, bullae, prominent hila
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radiological signs of collapse
uniform opacity, deviation towards lesion, small affected lobe
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what are radiological signs of consolidation?
non-uniform opacity, perihilar bronchograms
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what are radiological signs of effusion?
uniform soft tissue opacity, meniscus, gravitational
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what system can you use to describe a bone fracture?
site (bone, joints), slant (complete, direction, skin), segments (angulation, rotation), diSplacement
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what are the radiological signs of osteoarthritis?
loss of joint space, osteophytes, subchondral cysts, subchondral sclerossi
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what are the parkinsons plus syndromes?
multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy
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what is pick's disease?
type of frontotemporal dementia
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what are the causes of lower motor lesion?
common: trauma general: guillain barre, botulism, polio, motor neuron disease.
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what are the signs of lower motor lesion?
pariesis, fasciculation, hypotonia, hyporeflexia, weakness
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what is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
motor neuron disease.
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what are the late signs of motor neuron disease?
eye movement, dementia, bladder and bowel movement.
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what are the early signs of myasthenia gravis?
swallowing, cramping, stiffness, slurred or nasal speech, focal weakness, dropped foot, clumsiness, dexterity, slow saccades
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in myasthenia gravis with bulbar onset, what initial symptoms may occur?
slurred or nasal speech, quiet speech, swallowing
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what is the cause of upper motor neuron lesion signs?
located in spinal cord, cerebrum, nuclei.
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what are causes of peripheral neuropathy?
Diabetes, Alcohol, B12 (b1, b6, E), Toxins (lead, arsenic, chemo), Heriditary (friedrich's, CMT, Refsum's), Amyloid, Porphyria, Infection (HIV, leprosy), Systemic (uraemia, SLE, hypothyroid, Sjogren's), Malignancy (multiple myeloma, paraneoplastic)
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what are signs of vitamin E deficiency?
spinocerebellar ataxia, myopathy, dysarthria, hyporeflexia, loss of dorsal column, positive babinski, anaemia, retinopathy
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how can cirrhosis be classed?
child-pugh based on bilirubin, albumin, INR, ascites, hepatomegaly
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what are causes of ascites?
cirrhosis, carcinomatosis, CCF
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what is the main side effects of acarbose and what is it used for/
antidiabetic - flatulence and GI upset
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what is the MODA of pioglitazone and what is the main side effects?
PPAR-gamma receptor agonist, increasing insulin sensitivity. Periopheral oedema, fluid retention, bladder cancer
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what is the MODA of exenatide and what is the main side effects?
GLP-1 mimic (antidiabetic) may cause pancreatitis
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in paediatrics what are the four areas of developmental milestones?
gross motor, fine motor, hearing and language, social
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what antibiotics lower the seizure threshold and should be avoided in epileptics?
- fluoroquinolones
- what is contained in the foramen magnum?
- medulla, meninges, spinal accessory nerves, sympathetic plexus, vertebral arteries, ant. + post spinal arteries
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what are the signs of a large VSD>
heart failure, plumonary plethora, mid diastolic murmur (high mitral flow). Pulmonary hypertension, loud second heart sound
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what are the cardinal signs of delerium tremens?
alcohol withdrawal, altered mental status and a hyperadrenergic state manifested by tachycardia, hypertension and hyperthermia
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what is ramsay hunt syndrome?
severe pain before herpes and facial palsy
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what is the classic presentation of Bartter's syndrome?
hypokalaemic metabolic alkalosis with urinary potassium wasting
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what are the cardinal signs of pellagra?
diarrhoea, delusions, dermatitis
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what are the signs of wernicke's encephalopathy?
ocular muscle palsy and dementia
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what are the signs of porphyria?
cutaneous photosensitivity. Bullae develop on sun-exposed areas and lesions heal slowly, leaving scars.
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what are the signs of klinefelter's?
tall stature, small testes, azoospermia and gynaecomastia
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which drug is most associated with idiopathic intercranial hypertension
oral contraceptive, also nalixidic acid, nitrofurantoin
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what are the causes of SIADH?
hypothyroid, bronchial cancer, pneumonia, head injury, subarachnoid haemorrhage
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how does a molar pregnancy present?
enlarged uterus and vaginal bleeding in the first trimester; more rarely with a hypertensive crisis.
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what's the commonest cause of chest pain in a dialysis patient?
ACS
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what are the most important risk factors for hcc?
hep B, hep C, cirrhosis
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