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Give 4 risk factors for PANCREATIC cancer.(question 25)
- Tobacco Smoking
- High fat & meat consumption
- High coffee & alcohol consumption
- Exposure to DDT
- Chronic pancreatitis
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Give 4 risk factors for COLO-RECTAL cancer (question 25)
- Dietary promoters:
- High meat consumption
- High fat consumption
- High calorific intake
- High alcohol
- Low fibre diet
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of LUNG cancer. (question 26)
- Dry & persistent cough, little sputum, some blood possible
- Pain behind the sternum or in the back
- Recurrent chest infections
- later stages:
- Bloody or raspberry jelly-like sputum
- Hoarseness
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of COLO-RECTAL cancer. (question 26)
- Change in bowel habit:
- Alternating diarrhoea & constipation
- Anal bleeding
- Blood in stool (occult blood)
- Mucus on stool
- Stool mixed with flatulence
- Anaemia
- Colicky abdominal pain (obstruction)
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of BREAST cancer. (question 26)
- Painless, unilateral lump (Esp in upper quadrant)
- Asymmetry of breasts
- Discharge/bleeding from nipple
- Retracted/deviated nipple
- Pain in breasts or armpits (not related to period)
- Dimpling/puckering of the breast skin
- Enlargement of axillary lymph nodes
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of OVARIAN cancer. (question 26)
- Asymptomatic for a long time.
- Vague abdominal discomfort Pelvic pain
- Abdominal swelling
- Later stages:
- Changes in bowel & urinary habits
- General symptoms
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of CERVICAL cancer. (question 26)
Don't think its this question as not enough symptoms listed!
Often NO symptoms to start
- later stages:
- Bleeding after sexual intercourse
- Bleeding between periods
- Unusual vaginal discharge (greyish colour, watery, sour off smell)
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of LIVER cancer. (question 26)
- Portal hypertension
- Pain radiating into the back
- Jaundice
- Fever
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of STOMACH cancer. (question 26)
- Pain in stomach area
- Nausea
- Low appetite
- Vomiting (blood)
- Disgust for meat
- Later stages:
- Anorexia
- Unexplained weight loss
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of OESOPHAGEAL cancer. (question 26)
- Problems swallowing (dysphagia)
- Loss of appetite
- Regurgitation of food
- Non-sour reflux
- Retro-sternal discomfort
- Weight loss
- Severe coughing after swallowing
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of PANCREATIC cancer. (question 26)
Lack of early symptoms
- Later:
- Jaundice/ Icterus
- Dark urine
- Pale stools
- Skin itching
- Pain radiating to the back
- Fatty stools
- Diabetes mellitus
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of BLADDER cancer. (question 26)
- Painless haematuria (blood in urine)
- Frequency
- Urgency
- Dysuria
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Give 4 signs & symptoms of LEUKAEMIA. (question 26)
Often no symptoms or may be vague and non-specific (like flu)
- Common symptoms:
- Excessive bruising or bleeding
- Weakness & fatigue
- Anaemia
- Frequent infections
- Fever
- Weight loss
- Pain in bones & joints
- Enlarged lymph, spleen, liver
- Abdominal discomfort
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4 signs & symptoms of PROSTATE cancer? (question 26)
- Back pain
- increased urinating frequency
- Nocturia
- Dribbling
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What is the medical term for weight loss, muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness and involuntary wasting away? (question 24 or 28)
Cachexia!
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Define the term Mutation: (question 24)
A change in the genetic information/DNA sequence
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Define the term Mutagen (question 24)
An agent that changes the genetic information.
- e.g.
- Chemicals
- Environmental hazards
- Radiation
- Viruses
- Inflammation
- Defective immunity
- Stress/emotional trauma
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Define the term Carcinogen (question 24)
Any agent which causes/generates cancer
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Define the term Carcinogenesis (question 24)
The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells
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Define the term Oncology (question 24)
Medical subject dealing with the study and treatment of cancer
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Define the term Neoplasm (question 24)
A mass of tissue that grows faster than normal in an uncoordinated manner resulting from an abnormal growth/division of cells
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Define the term Tumour (question 24)
A mass/ growth of tissue can either be malignant or benign
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Define the term Metastasis (question 24)
Growth spreading to other parts of the body
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define BENIGN (question 24)
a tumour that is not harmful (unlikely to spread)
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Define MALIGNANT (question 24)
an uncontrollable, fast growing tumour that is often life threatening.
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Define STAGING (question 24)
the classification of malignant tumours according to the extent of the disease at the tie of diagnosis.
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define GRADING (question 24)
The measure of the degree of cell differentiation /abnormality
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What is Chemotherapy? (question 24)
a combination of different drugs designed to influence rapidly dividing cells
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What is Radiotherapy? (question 24)
treatment of cancer using radiation. It works by damaging the DNA of the cancer cells
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What is meant by Remission? (question 24)
The state of absence of disease.
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What is a Sarcoma?
Cancers that form in the connective tissue
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What is a Lipoma?
A benign and slow growing tumour comprised of Adipose tissue
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What is Leukaemia?
Cancer that evolves in the Blood or Bone Marrow
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What is a Carcinoma?
Cancers that form in the epithelial tissues
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Define the term Palliative care (question 24)
Medical care/treatment concentrating on reducing symptom severity or slowing disease progress rather than curing it
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Give 4 unavoidable risk factors for cancer (question 28)
- Genetic factors
- Chronic inflammation (IBD, gastritis, GERD)
- Certain viruses - HPV/HSV-8 (karposis sarcoma)
- Exposure to mutagens eg DDT
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Give 4 avoidable risk factors for cancer (question 28)
- Smoking
- Food additives
- High red meat intake
- High fat intake
- Heavy drinking
- Chronic stress
- Excessive exposure to sunlight
- sexual behaviour
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Why would someone with HIV develop Karposi's sarcoma - HHV8 human herpes virus 8 (question 27)
The HIV virus attacks and destroys T-helper cells/T-lymphocytes/CD4 cells and macrophages and they are needed to destroy abnormal cancerous cells.
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