-
What makes up 3/4 of species that inhabit the earth?
- Parasitic arthropods
- EX: Crayfish, ticks, mites
-
Studies arthropods
Entomologist
-
Studies arthropods that effect humans
Medical entomologist
-
Studies arthropods that effect animals and humans
Veterinary entomologist
-
Traumas caused by arthropods
- 1) Blood loss
- 2) Immunity, hypersensitivity and toxicity
- 3) Worry
- 4) Secondary infections
- 5) Vector
- 6) Myiasis
-
2 types of blood loss caused by arthropods
- 1) Clinical anemia
- 2) Aplastic anemia
-
Total blood loss by parasites
Clinical anemia
-
Blood loss by natural effects
Aplastic anemia
-
Ascending paralysis by a "Brown tick" bite by a female around the shoulder is most common
Tick paralysis
-
How is worry a trauma caused by arthropods?
Horn flies and back flies can bother the animal to a point where they wont eat and therefore lose weight and it becomes a financial loss for the rancher
-
Secondary infections caused by arthropods
Penetrating maggots make opportunities for bacteria to invade skin and set up infections
-
Am screwworm scientific name
Cochliomyia hominivorax
-
No multiplication or molting of etiological agent in/on the vector
Mechanical vector
-
Molting in intermediate host
Biological vector
-
What is the most common vector for arthropod borne animal plagues
Ticks
-
Infection by fly larvae and eggs of any Genus and species
Myiasis
-
# 1 vector of disease worldwide
Ticks
-
#1 vector of disease in the US?
Mosquito followed by ticks
-
Bovine Piroplasmosis (Texas Fever) etiology
- Babesia bigemina
- Babesia bovis
-
Bovine Piroplasmosis vector
Boophilus annulates
-
Canine Piroplasmosis etiology
Babesia canis
-
Canine Piroplasmosis vector
Rhipicephallus sanquineus
-
Tick borne animal diseases (10)
- Bovine Piroplasmosis
- Canine Piroplasmosis
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
- Q Fever
- Ehrilichiosis
- Louping Ill
- Western Equine Encephalitis
- Tularemia
- Canine Bartonellosis
- Lyme Disease
-
Protozoan tick borne disease (2)
- Bovine Piroplasmosis
- Canine Piroplasmosis
-
Rickettsial tick borne diseases (3)
- Rocky mountain spotted fever
- Q fever
- Ehrlichiosis
-
Viral tick borne diseases (2)
- Louping Ill
- Western Equine Encephalitis
-
Bacterial tick borne diseases (2)
- Tularemia
- Canine Bartonellosis
-
Spirochetes tick borne disease (1)
Lyme disease
-
Vectors for rickettsial tick borne diseases
- Dermacentor andersoni
- Dermacentor varialbles
-
Rocky mountain spotted fever etiology
Rickettsia rickettsi
-
Q Fever (Heart Water) etiology
Coxiella burnetti
-
Ehrlichiosis etiology
- Ehrilichia canis
- Ehrilichia chaffeensis
- Ehrilichia ewingii
- Ehrilichia ruminantium
-
Ehrlichiosis can affect what species?
Cats, dogs, humans, and wild animals
-
Ehrlichiosis first reported in the US when?
1963
-
Ehrlichiosis clinical signs
- Effects WBC and RBC, temp 106 F and above, thrombocytopenia, epistaxis
- Acute phase: depression, anorexia, loss of stamina, edema of limbs
- Chronic phase: Mild to absent signs
-
Louping Ill vector
Ixodes ricinus
-
Louping Ill symptoms
- Causes ovine encephalomyelitis
- Symptoms are neurological and once recovered the animal becomes immune
-
Western Equine Encephalitis vector
Rhipicephalus sanquineus
-
Tularemia etiology
Francisella tularensis
-
Tularemia vector
- Dermacentors sp.
- Amblyomma sp.
- Sheep is primary host
-
Canine Bartonellosis etiology
Bartonella vinsonii
-
Canine Bartonellosis vector
Rhipicephalus sanquineus
-
Cat scratch fever
Bartonella henselae found in 1992
-
Lone star tick
Amblyomma americanum
-
Symptoms of canine bartonellosis
Thrombocytopenia, anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis
-
Treatment for Canine Bartonellosis
- Long term antibiotics, for 4-6 weeks
- Erythromycin and Azithromycin
-
Lyme disease etiology most common in NA
Borrelia burgdorferi
-
Lyme disease vector
- Ixodes scapularis (east coast)
- Ixodes pacificus (west coast)
-
Lyme disease pathogenesis
- Multiples in tick and localizes in the saliva, tick takes blood meal from animal and injects bacteria. Takes 2-6 months to show signs in dogs.
- Test: Immunoblot test
-
How to determine tick bite and lyme disease
- 1) Verify tick bite
- 2) Flulike symptoms
- 3) Positive blood test
- 4) Bruise like rash (Erythema migrans "bulls eye")
-
Treatment for lyme disease
Antibiotic doxycycline for extended periods of time
-
Mosquito borne animal diseases (3)
- Malaria
- Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
- Heartworm disease
-
Protozoan mosquito borne disease (1)
Malaria
-
Viral mosquito borne disease (1)
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE)
-
Filarids mosquito borne disease (1)
Heartworm disease
-
-
Malaria etiology
Plasmodium malariae
-
-
Heartworm etiology
Dirofilaria immitis
-
Heartworm definitive host
Dog
-
Heartworm most common non definitive host
-
Flea borne animal diseases (3)
- Bubonic Plague
- Acanthochelonema reconditum (blood filaria)
- Diplydium caninum (tapeworm)
-
Bubonic Plague etiology
Yersinia pestis
-
2 forms of flies
- Aquatic -primitive
- Terrestrial- highly adaptive
-
Sub-order Orthorrhapha groups
- 1) Group Nematocera
- 2) Group Brachycera
- 3) Group Cyclorrhapha
-
Common housefly
Musca domestica
-
Face fly
Musca autumnalis
-
Stable fly
Stomoxys calcitrans
-
Hornfly
Haematobia irritans
-
-
Family name for mosquitoes
Culicidae
-
Life cycle of mosquitoes
- Egg laid on water, hatch in days, air breathers
- Larvae molts 4 times in less than 2 weeks ending in pupae stage
- Pupae develops into adult mosquito
-
4 stages of mosquitoes
- Egg
- Larvae
- Pupae
- Imago (adult)
-
Mosquitoes are biological vectors for what diseases
- Yellow fever
- Malaria
- Eastern equine encephalitis
- Dirofilara immitis
-
Mosquitoes are intermediate hosts for which types of diseases?
-
Life cycle for Musca domestica
- Egg laid on manure or organic matter
- S1 (maggot) emerge in 1-2 days
- S1 molts twice into S3
- S3 moves to dry medium and pupates
- Pupae (S4) molts to adult (imago) in 2-3 weeks
-
Mechanical vector for summer sores of gastric worms
- Stomoxys calcitrans
- Musca domestica
-
Life cycle of Musca autumnalis
- Eggs deposited in cattle droppings
- Eggs hatch and larvae emerge
- Larvae molt to pupae and into imago
- Imago fly away and continue cycle
-
Mechanical vector for Thelazia lacrymalis
Musca autumnalis
-
Life cycle of Stomoxys calcitrans
- Flies feed on blood from horse numerous times spreading blood borne virus
- Lay eggs in grass where they hatch and molt to imago
-
Stomoxys calcitrans serve as a mechanical vector for what species?
Habronema
-
Life cycle of Haematobia irritans
- Flies live on back and suck blood leaving host only to lay eggs in feces
- Larvae hatch and feed on feces
- Pupation occurs in 4-5 days
- Imago development takes 11-12 days
-
What serves as a mechanical vector for filarids?
Haematobia irritans
-
Tsetse fly transmits what disease?
Sleeping sickness
-
American screwworm
Cochilomyia hominovorax
-
American screwworm life cycle
- Eggs laid on wounds or moist tissue
- Eggs hatch in one day and maggots feed
- Larvae fall off host and pupate in 5-7 days
- Adults emerge in 1-3 weeks and reproduce
- Female commence to lay eggs
-
Old world screwworm
Chrysomya bezzian
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Family Hypodermatidae AKA
Grubs, only live long enough to breed and deposit eggs
-
Hypoderma lineatum life cycle
- Eggs consumed orally and larvae penetrates in intestines and migrate for 5 months
- Larvae spends 3 months in esophagus
- Migrate to SQ tissues of back, open breathing holes and molt twice
- Larvae mature and enlarge breathing holes, escape and fall on ground to pupate
- Adults emerge and reproduce
-
Hypoderma bovis
- Eggs laid on cows skin and hatch
- Larvae burrow into skin and migrate, accumulate around spinal canal
- Larvae move to back of cow and punch holes for air, molt 2 more times, escape to ground and pupate
- Adults emerge and reproduce
-
Damage Hypoderma sp. causes to cows
- Grubby back, damaged hide
- If grubs rupture release histamine resulting in vascular collapse, shock and death
-
Treatment for Hypoderma sp.
Ivomec
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Family Gasterophilus AKA
Bots
-
Gasterophilus intestinalis
- Egg laid on foreleg/shoulder of horse
- Larvae move to tongue for 1 month
- Move to stomach for 11 months
-
Gasterophilus nasalis
- Egg laid on inter mandibular spaces
- Larvae move between molar teeth in 1 month
- Move to duodenum for 11 months
-
Gasterophilus haemorrhoidalis
- Eggs laid around lips
- Larvae move to cheek in mucosa for 1 month
- Move to duodenum for 11 months
-
Why deworm 1 month after the 1st frost?
Larvae are in the mouth for about a month then move to stomach/duodenum
-
Sheep nasal fly
Oestrus ovis
-
Oestrus ovis life cycle
- S1 larvae deposited in nostril of sheep
- Larvae crawls into nasal passages and sinus
- Molts occur in nasal passages in a few weeks and the bots crawl out and drop to ground to pupate
- Adults emerge in 4-6 weeks, mate, lay eggs and die
- If weather bad then S1 remains dormant in nasal passage
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Family Cuterebra most common
Cuterebra palpebrae
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Cuterebra palpebrae life cycle
- Eggs laid on plants along rabbit trails
- Animal runs by and picks up egg on fur and hatch
- Larvae crawls to moist area and penetrate, will stay in self limiting area for weeks
- Larvae emerge and flies
- Breed and lay eggs along runs
-
Change from a bot capsule to a fly
Metamorphosis
-
Lice facts
- Live on hair/feathers of host
- Transmission: host contact
- Live and reproduce only on host
- Order: Mallophaga or Anoplura
-
Order Anoplura, what type of lice?
Sucking lice
-
Order Mallophaga, what type of lice?
Biting/chewing lice
-
What kind of lice cycle do lice have?
Incomplete metamorphosis
-
Life cycle of lice
- Eggs (nits) must have feathers/hair/clothes to attach to
- Eggs hatch into tiny replicas of adult
- Several molts occur with minor changes
-
Human body lice
Pediculus corporis
-
What can lice transmit due to not bathing or cleaning clothes?
Epidemic Typhus
-
Mallophage (biting lice) examples
- Trichodectes canis- dog
- Herterodoxus spiniger- dog
- Felicola subrostrata- cats
- Damalinia equi- horse/bovine/ovis/caprae
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Anoplura (sucking lice)
Linognathus setosus- dogs
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4 things that produce pathogenic pruritis
- Fleas
- Atopy
- Food allergies
- Sarcoptic mange
-
Flea bite allergies are a result of what?
Hypersensitivity to flea saliva
-
Fleas are vectors for what diseases?
- Bubonic plague
- Endemic Typhus
- Lice
- Tapeworms
-
Most common flea
Ctenocephalides felis
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When does copulation in fleas occur?
After a blood meal
-
Can flea eggs be laid on and off a host?
Yes
-
Flea life cycle can take only 16 days under what ideal temperature and humidity?
- Temperature: 65-80
- Humidity: 70%
-
Flea of the dog
Ctenocephalides canis
-
Flea of humans
Pulex irritans
-
What do flea larvae feed on?
Flea feces and sebum
-
Life cycle of the flea
- White egg laid on ground, hatch in 3-4 weeks
- Yellowish white larvae molt in 1 week
- Reddish brown larvae molt in 1 week
- Opaque white larvae molt in 1 week and spin cocoon
- Cocoon erupts in 2 weeks and produce pupa
- Pupa rest 3-4 weeks and molt to adult
- Can live off host for 6 months
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4 conditions that will kill flea
- 1) Water
- 2) Light- bright sun
- 3) Humidity below 50%
- 4) Altitude above 5,000 feet
-
3 goals of flea control
- 1) Control fleas on dog
- 2) Control fleas in house
- 3) Prevent fleas from entering the house
-
First flea preventative
- Ovitrol Plus
- Topical
- "Precor"
-
Fipronil
- Frontline "Top spot"
- Company: Merial
- Topical
-
Frontline facts
- Used on dogs and cats
- Kills adult fleas and ticks
- Effective for 25 days
- Time for elimination of fleas for dogs: 24 hrs
- Time for elimination for cats: 24-36 hrs
-
Frontline Plus facts
- Methoprene added
- Fipronil inhibits GABA transmission by blocking Glutamate-gated Cl channels
- Methoprene allows egg and larvae to be killed instead of just the adult
-
Frontline "Tritak" facts
- Used for dogs and cats
- Fipronil, methoprene and cyphenothrin for dogs
- Fipronil, methoprene and etofenprox for cats
- Kills fleas and ticks for 30 days
-
Imidacloprid
- Advantage
- Company: Bayer
- Topical
-
Advantage facts
- Used for dogs and cats
- Kills only adult fleas
- Effective for 25 days
- Prevents synaptic binding of acetlycholine
- Time of flea elimination for dogs: 12 hr
- Time elimination for cats: 24 hr
- Can be used on rabbits and ferrets
-
Advantage Multi facts
- Imidacloprid and moxidectin
- Topical every 30 days
- Kills adult fleas, otodectes cynotis , hooks and rounds
- For cats 9 weeks or older or 5.1-9 lbs
- Dogs start at 7 weeks
-
Advocate facts
- European Advantage Multi
- Imdiacloprid and moxidectin
- In dogs kills: Flea, HW, hooks, rounds, trichuris, sarcoptic mange, otodectes cynotis, demodex and lice
- In cats kill: Flea, HW, hooks, rounds, and Otodectes cynotis
-
Off label use of Advantage multi in the US
- Treatment of Demodicosis once a week for 4-6 weeks until skin scrapings come back negative
- Treatment of Sarcoptic mange once every 2 weeks until negative scrapings
-
Triforce for dogs facts
- Topical, monthly
- Dont use on puppies under 12 weeks
- Kills and repels fleas for a month, kills flea egg and larvae for up to 9 weeks
- Kills and repels ticks for a month
- Kills and repels mosquitoes
-
Triforce for cats facts
- Dont use under 12 weeks of age or under 2.2 lbs
- Kills adult, larvae and eggs of fleas
- Prevents ticks and mosquitoes
-
Lufenuron
- Program
- Topical
- Company: Novartis
-
Program facts
- Stops fleas by inhibiting life cycle
- Used for dogs/cats
- Monthly
-
Lufenuron and Milbemycin oxime
- Sentinel
- Doesnt kill the flea but if flea bites animal they ingest lufenuron and ingest so flea eggs wont develop
-
Milbemycin oxime, Proziquantel and Lufenuron =
Sentinel spectrum
-
Flea Allergy Dermatitis in dogs AKA
Flea bite hypersensitivity
-
Flea Allergy Dermatitis in cats AKA
Milliary Dermatitis
-
Nitenpyram
- Capstar
- Company:Novartis
- Pill
-
Capstar facts
- Kills adult fleas only
- 90% effective in dogs working in 4 hrs and 6 in cats
- Can be given to nursing and pregnant animals
- Safe for animal 4 weeks of age and 2 lbs and up
-
How to use Capstar effectively
- 1) Eliminate hitch hiker flea, can be used alongside monthly preventative
- 2) Eliminate existing problem
- 3) Prior to boarding, surgery, or shelter
- 4) Prior to release from clinic
- 5) Excellent for American Screwworm as well
-
Fipronil and Cyphenothrin
- Parastar Plus
- Company: Novartis
-
Imidacloprid and Permethrin
- K9 Advantix
- Topical, monthly
- Company: Bayer
-
K9 Advantix facts
- Ticks, fleas and mosquitoes
- Permethrin kills cats due to liver lacking enzymes necessary to break down
-
K9 Advantix II
- Imdiacloprid, Permethrin and Pyripoxyfen
- Kills ticks, fleas, mosquitoes, biting flies, and lice
-
Selamectin
- Revolution
- Topical
- Company: Pfizer
-
Revolution facts
- Kills adults fleas and prevent eggs from hatching
- Kills slower than other spot ons
- Can be used with ferrets and rabbits
- Drug of choice for ear mites and scabies
- Also controls HW, Otodectes cynotis, scabies, hooks and rounds
-
Dinotefuran, Pyripoxyfen and Permethrin
- Vectra 3D
- Company: Summit- Vet Pharm Corp
- Topical
-
Vectra 3D facts
Kills fleas, ticks and mosquitoes
-
Metaflumizone and Amitraz
- Promeris
- Company: Ft. Dodge
- Topical
-
Promeris facts
- Kills fleas (methaflumizone) and ticks (amitraz)
- Amitraz not in cat version
- Amitraz is drug of choice for demodectic mange in dogs, reverse agent is Yohimbine
-
Spinosad
- Comfortis
- Chewable tablet
- Company: Eli Lilly
-
Comfortis facts
- Dogs 14 weeks or older, no cats
- Vomiting is a common sign, give with food
- Monthly
- If given with Ivermectin can cause ataxia, lethargy, and seizures
-
First oral flea preventative
- Proban
- An organophosphate approved by the FDA in 1976
-
Spinosad and Milbemycin oxime facts
- Trifexis
- Chewable tablets, monthly
- Prevents HW, fleas, hooks, rounds and whips
- Used on animals 8 weeks or older
-
Permethrin
- Kiltik
- Company: Bayer
- No longer made
- Dogs 12 weeks or older
-
Emodepside and Praziquantel
- Profender
- Topical
- Company: Bayer
- Used for cats
-
Over the counter flea/tick control products
-
Early flea collar
Ovitrol flea egg collar
-
New flea collar
- Seresto
- Bayer company
- Prevents for 8 months
- Releases imidacloprid and flumethrin
- Kills fleas 24 hrs after use and 48 hrs for ticks
-
Ivermectin topically for ears
Acarexx
-
Flea myths
- Garlic and brewers yeast
- Ultrasonic collars
- Orange half rub on dogs back and stomach- oil would need to be extracted and concentrated
- Human lice shampoo- will kill adult fleas
- Dawn or oatmeal- will kill fleas and ticks
-
Cockroaches
- Order: Orthoptera
- Family: Blattidae
- Biological/mechanical vector of human and animal borne diseases
-
Beetles
- Order: Coleopters
- Intermediate host for Spiroscerca lupi
-
Disease that lice causes
Trombiculosis
-
Ctenocephalides felis and canis are intermediate host for which parasites?
- Dipylidium caninum (tapeworm)
- Acanthochelonema reconditum (blood filarid)
-
Flea feces and saliva in cat nail beds/bites transmit what bacteria?
- Bartonella henseale and vinsonii
- Cat scratch disease
-
Fleas consume how much of host blood?
5%
-
Flea activity on the host (3)
- Flea mate within 12 hours
- Eggs produced within 24 hours
- Females produce 27 eggs per day
-
Fleas are attracted to (5) things
- Dark clothes
- Lactic acid
- Carbon dioxide
- Animals in the dark
- Dry places
-
For every 1 flea you see there are __ in different stages
19 more
-
In regards to fleas, where eggs have been laid
Source point
-
What percentage of entire flea population is found on the animal at any one time
5-10%
-
2 ways to eliminate fleas
- Kill the flea
- Interference of reproduction
-
Ringworm AKA
Dermatophytes
-
IGR the blocks formation of new cuticle in fly larvae, S1 to S2 molt doesnt survive
Cyromazine
-
IGR used for chickens
Larvadex 1% Premix
-
Contact/systemic insecticide that interferes with chitin and prevents shedding and hatching, bolus for cows
Diflubenzuron
-
-
-
Bee, wasp, hornets
Female ovipositor (stinger) breaks off in wound producing redness, edema, inflammation, anaphylactic and can be treated with 1:10,000 epinephrine IV and steroids
-
Yeast examples
- Candida albicans
- Malassezia pachydermatitis
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Blastomyces dermatitis
- Histoplasma capsulatum
-
Candida albicans
- Normal on mucus membranes
- Seen after prolonged antibiotics, skin therapy
- Diagnose by taking wet mounts from skin scraping
- Treat with Thiabendazole or Surolan
-
Malassezia pachydermatitis
- Most common cause of otitis externa and otodectes cynotis
- Diagnose by gram stained smears
-
Ringworm effects what percentage of cats and dogs?
-
Confined to humans
Anthropophilic
-
Parasites of animals
Zoophilic
-
Free living saprophytes in soil
Geophilic
-
Parasites found in the mouth of the dog
- Trichomonas canistomae
- Toxoplasma gondii
-
Parasites found in the esophagus and stomach of the dog
- Spirocerca lupi
- Physaloptera rara
- Physaloptera praeputialis
-
Parasites of the family Mastigophora
- Trichomonas canistomae
- Toxoplasma gondii
-
Parasites found in the small intestines of the dog
- Toxocara canis
- Toxascaris leonina
- Ancylostoma caninum
- Ancylostoma braziliense
- Uncinaria stenocephala
- Strongyloides stercoralis
- Trichinella spiralis (uncooked meat)
-
Tapeworms found in the small intestines of the dog
- Taenia pisiformis
- Echinococcus granulosus
- Dipylidium caninum
- Diphyllobothrim latum
-
Trematodes in the small intestines of the dog
- Alaria canis
- Nanopyetus salmincola
-
Alaria canis family name
Diplostomatidae
-
Protozoans found in the dog
- Isospora canis
- Isospora bigemina
- Isospora felis
- Giardia
-
Parasites found in the cecum/colon of the dog
- Trichuris vulpis
- Entamoeba histolytica
- Entamoeba coli
- Balantidium coli
-
Most common blood disease
Haemobartonella
-
2 types of Haemobartonella
- Mycoplasma haemofelis
- Haemobartonella canis
-
Mycoplasma haemofelis AKA
Feline Infectious Anemia
-
Blood disease spread by ticks and natural host is the bobcat
Cytauxzoon felis
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