Radiation Protection 3

Possible responses to irradiation in utero include

1. spontaneous abortion


2. congenital anomalies


3. childhood malignancies

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3 only

The late effects of radiation are considered to

1. have no threshold dose.


2. be directly related to dose.


3. occur within hours of exposure.

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

Exposure to high doses of radiation results in ____ effects

Which of the following anomalies is (are) possible if an exposure dose of 40 rad (400 mGy) were delivered to a pregnant uterus in the third week of pregnancy?

1. Skeletal anomaly


2. Organ anomaly


3. Neurologic anomaly

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

The term used to describe the gradual decrease in exposure rate as an x-ray beam passes through matter is



A
 
attenuation 


B
 
absorption 


C
 
scattered radiation 


D
 
secondary radiation

All the following radiation-exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose–response relationship except



A
 
skin erythema 


B
 
hematologic depression 


C
 
radiation lethality 


D
 
leukemia

The _______/______dose–response curve has a threshold and is thought to be generally correct for most somatic effects—such as skin erythema, epilation, hematologic depression, and radiation lethality (death).

Which of the following radiation exposure responses exhibit a nonlinear threshold dose-response relationship?

1.	Skin erythema
2.	Hematologic depression
3.	Lethality

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

The genetic effects of radiation and some somatic effects, like leukemia, are plotted on a _____ dose-response curve. 

Dose The linear dose-response curve have a threshold

Late or long-term effects of radiation exposure are generally represented by which of the following dose-response curves?



A
 
Linear threshold 


B
 
Linear nonthreshold 


C
 
Nonlinear threshold 


D
 
Nonlinear nonthreshold

____ _____ are those that will not occur below a particular threshold dose and that increase in severity as the dose increases

_______scatter, a high-energy incident photon uses some of its energy to eject an outer-shell electron. In doing so, the incident photon is deflected with reduced energy, but usually retains most of its original energy and exits the body as an energetic scattered photon. 

In ____ scatter, a low-energy photon interacts with an atom but causes no ionization; the incident photon disappears in the atom, then immediately reappears and is released as a photon of identical energy but changed direction.

_____ scatter is another name for classical scatter

What occurs when there is partial transfer of the proton's energy to matter, as in the Compton effect.

 What occurs when an x-ray photon interacts with matter and disappears, as in the photoelectric effect. 

cident photon ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron 


B
 
the incident photon is deflected, with resulting energy loss 


C
 
the incident electron ejects an inner-shell tungsten electron 


D
 
the incident electron is deflected, with resulting energy loss

Which of the following radiation-induced conditions is most likely to have the longest latent period?



A
 
Leukemia 


B
 
Temporary infertility 


C
 
Erythema 


D
 
Acute radiation lethality

How do fractionation and protraction affect radiation dose effects?

1. They reduce the effect of radiation exposure.


2. They permit cellular repair.


3. They allow tissue recovery.

A
 
1 only 


B
 
1 and 2 only 


C
 
2 and 3 only 


D
 
1, 2, and 3

delivered in portions

delivered over a length of time (protraction),