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Organelles
Each has its own function, some membrane bound and others aren't.
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Nucleus
- Eukaryotes contain one!
- Contains most of the DNA, surrounded by nuclear envelope, double membrane, has nuclear pores to allow substances in and out.
- The DNA is also found in the Mitochondria.
- DNA is twisted very tightly, and the protein Histones are used.
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Mitosis and Meiosis
- Only in Eukaryotes.
- Mitosis: 1 cell into 2, all DNA.
- Meiosis: 1 cell into 4 gametes, each haploid or half the DNA.
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Nucleolus
- Inside the nucleus.
- Site of ribosomal (rRNA) production.
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Cytoskeleton
- Made up of 3 main components.
- Microtubules: Hollow, made of tubulin, Vesicles move along these with that protein (Kinesin) that looks like it is taking steps, major purpose is to deliver vesicles around the cell.
- Microfilaments: Solid, made of actin, easy come apart and rebuild, help most in cell division.
- Intermediate Filaments: More permanent, main fiber of cytoskeleton, anchors organelles in place.
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Plasma Membrane
- Very similar to prokaryotes.
- Double phospholipid layer, but has sterols, prokaryotes do not.
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Mitochondria
- Powerhouse of cells.
- ATP created within folds (Cristae) of own DNA.
- Own replication.
- It was a bacteria once upon a time.
- Endosymbiosis: Another living organism living inside of another.
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Chloroplasts
- Photosynthesis Organelle.
- Thylakoids with chlorophyll inside.
- Also its own DNA.
- Its own replication.
- Once was a bacteria.
- Endosymbiosis: Another living organism living inside of another.
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Ribosomes
- Protein Synthesis.
- Attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
- Eukaryotes: 40S+60S=80S
- Prokaryotes: 30S+50S=70S
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Rough: Lipid and Membrane Synthesis.
- Smooth: Ribosomes for proteins, phospholipids.
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Golgi Apparatus
Protein modification and secretory vesicles, has a receiving and shipping side.
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Lysosomes
- Fuses with vesicles.
- Contains digestive enzymes to breakdown bacteria/viruses or dead cell material.
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Vacuoles
Could store energy, air, water, waste, general storage device.
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Flagella
- Part of motility.
- Huge compared to prokaryotes.
- 9+2 microtubules.
- Wave motion.
- Moves organism in different direction than prokaryotes (moves towards the right, away from)
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Cilia
- Part of motility.
- Thousands.
- All move together.
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Pseudopods
- Part of motility.
- Cytoplasmic streaming (blob like).
- Reaches a sort of arm out, pulls forward or food into it.
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Cell Wall
- Eukaryotic animal cells do not have one.
- Plants (cellulose and fungi) are made of Chitin (made of repeating NAG and NAMS, outer shell of lobsters).
- Protzoa: They contain a flexible pellicle.
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Amazing Termite
- Eukaryotic organisms in termites guts, bacteria is in them, they eat the wood.
- Bacteria (Spirochetes) attached on outside of different Eukaryotes to propel them through guts of termites.
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Endocytosis
Engulfment: Bringing something inside the cell, generally of food particles.
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Exocytosis
Extrusion or kicking out of waste particles.
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Phagocytosis
Engulfment using vacuoles, generally as a way to trap and kill invaders (Bacteria/Viruses).
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Passive Diffusion
- Always High to Low along concentration gradient.
- Never uses energy.
- Facilitated: Protein needed, either pore/channel, or one that changes shapes and kicks substrate.
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Osmosis (Passive Diffusion)
- Water across membrane.
- Isotonic: Equal on both sides.
- Hypotonic: Water is flowing INTO the cell (expands).
- Hypertonic: Water moves OUT of the cell (shrinks).
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Active Transport
- Always low to high along concentration gradient.
- Always requires energy - ATP.
- Always uses a protein - changes confirmation to kick in substrate.
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Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions in a living organisms.
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Catabolism
- Releases energy.
- Breakdown of complex organic molecules.
- Hydrolytic reactions.
- ATP synthesis.
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Anabolism
- Energy-requiring reaction.
- Biosynthetic.
- Dehydration synthesis.
- ATP breakdown.
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Collision Theory
- All electrons, atoms, ions, molecules are always moving around and therefore collide with each other.
- Breaks chemical bonds and creates new ones.
- Several factors influence if a collision will cause a chemical reaction (speed of particles, their energy, specific conformations).
- Molecules AB needs to be converted into their A and B (very small population, needs Activation Energy, Reaction Rate).
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Activation Energy
- Part of Collision Theory.
- The minimal amount of energy needed for a reaction to take place.
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Reaction Rate
- Part of Collision Theory.
- The frequency of collisions, raises the temperature, moves faster.
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Enzymes
- They raise the reaction rate WITHOUT raising the temperature.
- It lowers the amount of activation energy.
- Proteins.
- They are a biological catalyst (which speed up the reaction).
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6 Different Types of Enzymes
- Oxidoreductase: Oxidation-reduction, in which oxygen and hydrogen are gained or lost.
- Transferase: Transfer of functional groups, such as an amino, acteyl, or phosphate group.
- Hydrolase: Hydrolysis.
- Lyase: Removal of groups of atmos without hydrolysis.
- Isomerase: Rearrangement of atoms within a molecule.
- Ligase: Joining of 2 molecules (usually derived from ATP).
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