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Skeletal neoplasia that is expansile, compressive, well-differentiated with minimal anaplasia.
benign skeletal neoplasia
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Neoplasm of the periosteum with dense trabecular bone formed; exophytic.
Osteoma
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Osteomas usually occur in ___________.
flat bones
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Neoplasm forming hyaline cartilage; usually of flat bones. RARE
chondroma
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Benign neoplasm of fibrous tissue. RARE
fibroma
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Skeletal neoplasm that is invasive with bone lysis and production that is usually rapidly growing with metastatic potential; cells range from poorly differentiated to well-differentiated.
Malignant skeletal neoplasia
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Osteosarcoma is a malignancy of ___________ that may arise from the ____________ or ____________ with __________ mineralization.
osteoblasts; periosteum; medullary cavity; variable
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Chondrosarcoma is a malignancy producing ___________ that is not known to arise from _______________ and is found in regions of ______________ with _____________ mineralization.
hyaline cartilage; articular hyaline cartilage; bone not near cartilage; patchy
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Chondrosarcoma is more common in ____________.
flat bone
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Fibrosarcoma is a malignancy of _____________ with _________mineralization of ______________.
fibrous tissue; no; connective tissue
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Fibrosarcoma in dogs can arise from the ___________________.
maxillary periosteum
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Synovial cell sarcoma is a malignancy of _____________ that usually ____________ the bone on both sides of the __________; there is _______ mineralization. With this type, usually no metastasis.
fibrocytic synoviocytes; lyses bone; joint space; no
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Synovial cell sarcoma that is a malignancy of _____________; is usually malignant.
histiocytic synoviocytes
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Metastatic malignancies to bone are usually _____________.
carcinomas
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Lymphoreticular neoplasms of BM are mostly __________ and __________; plasma cell tumors in bone are called __________.
lytic; multicentric; multiple myeloma
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Hematopoietic malignancies are usually not associated with ______________.
bone lesions
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What radiographic views do you use to diagnose osteosarcoma?
lateral and craniocaudal
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What are radiographic signs of osteosarcoma? (4)
osteolytic (moth-eaten), osteoblastic (proliferative- sunburst pattern), cortical lysis, codmans triangle (lifting of periosteum)
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Possible etiologies of osteosarcoma? (6)
implants, fracture, osteomyelitis, bone infarcts, radiation, genetics
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With FNA, neoplastic changes include... (3)
multinucleated giant cells, "comet cells"-osteoblasts, no/minimal inflammatory cells
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Distinguish osteomyelitis from bone neoplasia with _______.
FNA
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Once you have diagnosed osteosarcoma, your definite next step is to...
take thoracic radiographs to look for lung metastases
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What aspect of osteosarcoma is lethal to our patients?
metastatic disease
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What is the most common chemotherapy for osteosarcoma in dogs?
carboplatin
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Delivers radiation much more precisely to the affected area of osteosarcoma; with this method, you must still treat with chemo for micrometastases.
stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT)
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Why is Doxorubicin used less frequently then carboplatin as chemotherapy in dogs with osteosarcoma, even though it is lower cost?
more potential side effects, such as cardiotoxicity
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What is the adjuvant treatment for OSA in dogs?
thoracic radiographs every 2-3 months to check for macrometastases
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Cytotoxic chemotherapy has generally not been effective in treating ___________.
gross metastatic disease
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What is an alternative to limb spare surgery for pain relief?
palliative radiation therapy
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What NSAID is commonly given for pain in dogs with OSA?
Rimadyl
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Describe OSA in cats.
metastasis is rare; amputation is often curative
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With OSA in dogs, surgery alone is __________, but ___________ is ALWAYS present.
palliative; micrometastses
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What is a contraindication for amputation?
severe DJD that prevents dog from standing/rising easily
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4 surgical techniques for amputation with canine OSA.
wide soft tissue and bone margins to ensure complete excision, meticulous hemostasis, avoid incising the tumor, soft tissue padding of bony prominences to prevent pressure sores
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What is the preferred method of amputation for forelimb OSA in dogs?
complete forequarter amputation (most comfortable for dog, most cosmetic, least chance of recurrence)
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What are the 3 recognized techniques for hindlimb amputation for dogs with OSA?
coxofemoral disarticulation (preferred), proximal third of femur osteotomy, hemipelvectomy
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What dogs are candidates for proximal third of femur osteotomy?
tibial tumors and distal sites
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Describe a hemipelvectomy.
acetabulum at minimum is removed, sometimes 1/4 of the pelvis- required for proximal femur tumors
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What is the ideal tumor for limb sparing surgery?
distal radius osteosarcoma
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What are the different limb spare techniques?
allograft, endoprosthesis (metal plate), bone transport osteogenesis (rare), pasteurized tumor allograft (RARE), ulnar transposition (RARE)
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What is the paradox of infected allografts?
surmount a better immune response and live longer
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Diaphyseal tumors are almost always...
metastases, NOT primary bone tumors
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Primary bone tumors are almost always in the __________.
metaphysis
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