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2 types of Acquired Immunity
Natural immunity
Artificial immunity
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Natural immunity
is acquired through the normal life experiences not induced through medical means
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Artificial immunity
is that produced purposefully through medical procedures (also called immunization)
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Natural immunity term
active immunity - the consequence of a person developing his own immune response
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Natural immunity term
passive immunity - the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person
Breastfeeding
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Artificial immunity term
Active immunity (same as vaccination) is the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe
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Artificial immunity term
passive immunity - occurs when one person receives preformed immunity made by another person
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What type of immunity are vaccines?
Active
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Variolation
an early attempt to prevent small pox
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Edward Jenner
developed vaccine for smallpox
father of immunization
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vacca
•latin for cow, root word for vaccine
- –Cow pox virus later named "vaccinia
- virus"
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Successful Disease Eradication by Vaccination
- •Smallpox
- –Last natural case in Africa in 1977
- •Polio
- –Targeted for disease eradication by ??? look on recorder
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qualities of diseases that are good candidates for eradication by vaccination
- 1. disease that stimulates production of effective antibodies
- 2. disease occurs exclusively in humans
- 3. has same disease signs and symptoms
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Goal of vaccination – “Herd Immunity”
Protection of people that cannot get immunized. They can only be around vaccinated people.
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Is the flu vaccine attenuated or inactive?
It depends.
Nasal form is attenuated live vaccine
Injectable is inactivated
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Attenuated vaccines
live vaccine with reduced virulence, pathogen no longer causes disease
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Attenuated bacteria
- BCG vaccine for micobacterium
- Tuberculosis
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Attenuated viruses
- small pox, Varicella - chicken pox, MMR - effective against measles, mumps, and
- rubella
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Problems with live attenuated vaccines
Reversion
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Inactivated vaccines
Killed vaccine. Made from infectious agent that has been inactivated or killed.
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Inactivated whole agent
- whole virus is killed. Ex: IPV, Hepatitus A,
- rabies, anthrax
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Toxoid
- the tetanus and the ditheria part
- of the dtap vaccine. Meaning they use the toxins that the bacteria produces as a vaccine. The vaccine targets the toxins produced by the pathogen
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Subunit
- Hep B. they take a little part of it like
- maybe the viral nucleic acids and they use that to elicit an immune response
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Conjugated
Nemococcal conjugated vaccine
Prevnar – for pneumonia
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Adjuvant
- ex. Alum (aluminum hydroxide); mixed with
- the vaccine to enhance the immune response
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Research into vaccines includes improving
current vaccines
–More combined vaccines
–New subunit vaccines
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What would make a ‘perfect’ vaccine
•100% effective after a single dose
•Oral administration
•Life-long immunity
•Stable shelf-life, does not require refrigeration
•Inexpensive to produce
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Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb)
- •mAbs are Abs that are all exact clones of each other, they all bind to the same
- epitope of the same Ag! (ie.
- 1 identical Ag-binding site)
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Monoclonal Antibodies (mAb) are made by
•hybridomas (immortal B cells):
–B cell fused to a myeloma cell = hybridoma
hybridomas are long lived and produce antibodies
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Antibody titer
measurement of antibody produced for a particular epitope
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Serial Dilution
dilute the serum so that it is not so concentrated
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Method to measure
usually ELISA, but could also be direct agglutination
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Rising titer
- •when they take your first blood sample
- and they check for a specific antibody you have a certain antibody level. When
- they take it again if they see an increase in the antibody titer
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Seroconversion
when you went to go get tested for (example) hepatitus and you had zero antibody. Then when you got tested again you had a number of production of antibodies. Meaning that you are infected with the pathogen
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Precipitation Reactions
Involve soluble Ag
Requires IgM- or IgG- class Abs
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Precipitation Reactions can detect
1.Ag in patient sample – using known Abs specific for that Ag
2.Abs in a serum sample – using known Ag (from a particular infectious organism)
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Where antigens and antibodies meet
zone of equivalence
precipitation forms
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ELISA
enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
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Direct ELISA
detects Ag in a patient sample
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Direct ELISA 2
–Start with known Ab
–End with Ab – Ag – Ab complex
–Both Abs bind to different sites/epitopes on the same Ag
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Indirect ELISA
detects Abs in a sera sample
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Indirect ELISA 2
–Start with known Ag
–End with Ag – Ab – Ab complex
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Indirect ELISA 3
Uses a secondary Ab (like IFA), anti-human IgG coupled to an enzyme that will break the substrate down to cause a color change (seen in a positive reaction)
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Indirect ELISA steps
- 1. antigen is absorbed to well
- 2. patients antiserum is added
- 3. complement antibody binds to antigen
- 4. enzyme linked anti-HISG is added and binds to antibody
- 5. enzyme substrate is added which may or may not change color
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