Immunization and Immune Testing

Natural immunity 

Artificial immunity

is acquired through the normal life experiences not induced through medical means

is that produced purposefully through medical procedures (also called immunization)

active immunity - the consequence of a person developing his own immune response

passive immunity - the consequence of one person receiving preformed immunity made by another person 

Breastfeeding

Active immunity (same as vaccination) is the consequence of a person developing his own immune response to a microbe

passive immunity - occurs when one person receives preformed immunity made by another person

Active

an early attempt to prevent small pox

developed vaccine for smallpox

father of immunization

•latin for cow, root word for vaccine

• –Cow pox virus later named "vaccinia
• virus"

• •Smallpox
• –Last natural case in Africa in 1977

• •Polio 
• –Targeted for disease eradication by ??? look on recorder

• 1. disease that stimulates production of effective antibodies
• 2. disease occurs exclusively in humans
• 3. has same disease signs and symptoms

Protection of people that cannot get immunized. They can only be around vaccinated people.

It depends.

Nasal form is attenuated live vaccine

Injectable is inactivated

live vaccine with reduced virulence, pathogen no longer causes disease

• BCG vaccine for micobacterium
• Tuberculosis

• small pox, Varicella - chicken pox, MMR - effective against measles, mumps, and
• rubella

Reversion

Killed vaccine.  Made from infectious agent that has been inactivated or killed.

• whole virus is killed. Ex: IPV, Hepatitus A,
• rabies, anthrax

• the tetanus and the ditheria part
• of the dtap vaccine. Meaning they use the toxins that the bacteria produces as a vaccine. The vaccine targets the toxins produced by the pathogen

• Hep B. they take a little part of it like
• maybe the viral nucleic acids and they use that to elicit an immune response

Nemococcal conjugated vaccine

Prevnar – for pneumonia

• ex. Alum (aluminum hydroxide); mixed with
• the vaccine to enhance the immune response

–More combined vaccines

–New subunit vaccines

•100% effective after a single dose

•Oral administration

•Life-long immunity

•Stable shelf-life, does not require refrigeration

•Inexpensive to produce

• •mAbs are Abs that are all exact clones of each other, they all bind to the same
• epitope of the same Ag!  (ie.
• 1 identical Ag-binding site)

•hybridomas (immortal B cells):

–B cell fused to a myeloma cell = hybridoma

hybridomas are long lived and produce antibodies

measurement of antibody produced for a particular epitope

dilute the serum so that it is not so concentrated

usually ELISA, but could also be direct agglutination

• •when they take your first blood sample
• and they check for a specific antibody you have a certain antibody level. When
• they take it again if they see an increase in the antibody titer

when you went to go get tested for (example) hepatitus and you had zero antibody. Then when you got tested again you had a number of production of antibodies. Meaning that you are infected with the pathogen

Involve soluble Ag

Requires IgM- or IgG- class Abs

1.Ag in patient sample – using known Abs specific for that Ag

2.Abs in a serum sample – using known Ag (from a particular infectious organism)

zone of equivalence

precipitation forms

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

detects Ag in a patient sample

–Start with known Ab

–End with Ab – Ag – Ab complex

–Both Abs bind to different sites/epitopes on the same Ag

detects Abs in a sera sample

–Start with known Ag

–End with Ag – Ab – Ab complex

Uses a secondary Ab (like IFA), anti-human IgG coupled to an enzyme that will break the substrate down to cause a color change (seen in a positive reaction)

• 1. antigen is absorbed to well
• 2. patients antiserum is added
• 3. complement antibody binds to antigen
• 4. enzyme linked anti-HISG is added and binds to antibody
• 5. enzyme substrate is added which may or may not change color