-
The urinary system function
removes waste products from the blood and helps maintain homeostasis
-
who has predisposition to infection and why?
- females have predisposition to infection
- short urethra
- proximity to anus
-
defenses of urinary tract
- flushing action of urine flowing out of system
- urine flow also encourages shedding of epithelial cells lining the urinary tract, microbes shed with the cell
-
what is most common microbial threat to the urinary tract
normal microbiota
-
Defenses in urine
- acidic pH
- lysozyme
- lactoferrin
- secretory IgA
-
lysozyme
enzyme that breaks downs peptidoglycan
-
lactoferrin
iron binding protein that inhibits bacterial growth
-
secretory IgA
specific for previous encounters microorganism
-
Vagina protected by
changes in pH
-
What stimulates release of glycogen secretion by vaginal mucosa
estrogen
-
bacteria ferment ______ into _____
glycogen unto acid
-
bacteria ferment glycogen into acid
lowering the ph of bag to 4.5
-
changes in ph beginning in adolescence result
in vastly different biota in the vag
-
biota of women in their childbearing years prevent
establishment of microbes that might harm the developing fetus
-
Not considered to be an innate defense of urinary system
secretory IgA- because it has antibodies
-
Cystitis
inflammation of urinary bladder
-
cystitis infection is indicated by
- 10,000 bacteria/ml or
- 100 cloakrooms/ml
-
Cystitis symptoms
- frequent urges to urinate, even when bladder empty
- dysuria
- urine can be cloudy due to the presences of bacteria and white blood cells
- hematuria
- low grade fever, and nausea
-
dysuria
burning pain accompanying urination
-
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine causes it ti have an orange color
-
Cystitis usual causative agents
E. coli and staphylococcus saprophyticus
-
Urethra
- inflammation of urethra
- portal of entry- infection moves up
-
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of one or both kidneys
-
Pyelonephritis causing agent
E. coli
-
Pyelonephritis symptoms
high fever, back or flank pain
-
Pyelonephritis diagnosis
104 CFUs/ml + LE test
-
Pyelonephritis treatment cephalosporin
cephalosporin
-
CFU means
colony forming unit
-
Leptospirosis causative agent
leptospira interrogans
-
Leptospirosis reserviour
dogs and rats
-
Leptospirosis transmission
skin mucosal contact from urine contaminated water
-
Leptospirosis symtpoms
headaches, muscular aches, fever, kidney failure a possible complication
-
Leptospirosis diagnosis
serological test
-
Leptospirosis treatment
doxycycline
-
leptospirosis contracted
1990, dozen athletes competing in the swimming phase of triathlon in Illinois contractor leptospirosis from the water
-
Discharge disease in Genitourinary tract
- trichomoniasis
- gonorrhea
- chlamydia
-
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) most common in
US
-
are responsible for unprecedented number of infertility cases
discharge diseases
-
what infections are incurable?
- herpes
- human papilloma virus (HPV)
-
Gonorrhea caused by
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
-
Gonorrhea type
gram negative cocci
-
Gonorrhea how attach
attaches to oral or urogenital mucosa by fimbriae
-
_____ prevent _____ proliferation
Ops proteins, CD4+ T cells
-
Types Gonorrhea
- anal gonorrhea
- pharyngeal gonorrhea
-
Gonorrhea if left untreated may result in
endocarditis, meningitis, arthritis, ophthalmia neoinatorum
-
Gonorrhea symptoms mens
painful urination and discharge of pus
-
Gonorrhea symptoms women
- few symptoms
- often mild and can be mistaken for a bladder or vaginal infection
- possible complications such as PID
-
Gonorrhea diagnosis
gram stain, ELISA, PCR
-
Gonorrhea treatment
Flouroquinolones
-
Chlamydia (Chlamydial urethritis) caused by
Chlamydia trachomatis
-
Chlamydia is the most commonly reported
notifiable disease in the US
-
Chlamydia know as
non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) (not caused by gonorrhea)
-
Pelvic Inflammatory disease (PID) caused by
- polymicrobic
- N. gonorrheae
- C trachomatis
-
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) infection of
Uterine tubes= salpingitis
-
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease symptoms
chronic abdominal pain
-
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease treatment
Doxycycline and cefoxitin
-
syphilis caused by
treponema pallidum
-
Syphillis invades
invades mucosa or through skin breaks
-
One of the top five most reported diseases in US
syphilis
-
Syphilis treatment
benzathine penicillin
-
Syphilis cogental
neurological damage
-
Syphilis primary stage
Chancre at site of infection
-
Syphilis secondary stage
skin and mucosal rashes
-
Syphilis latent period
no symptoms
-
Syphilis tertiary stage
umma on many organs
-
Tuskegee syphilis experement
- clinical study
- between 1932-1972
- US public health service to study natural progression of untreated syphilis
-
Tuskegee syphilis experiments on
- rural black men who though were received free health care from US gov
- were never told they had syphilis
-
Vaginitis symptoms
- inflammation of bag
- vag itching depending on etiologic agent
- burning and discharge
-
Vaginosis symptoms
similar to vaginitis but does not include significant inflammation
-
Vaginitis causative agent
candida albicans
-
Vaginitis grows on
- mucosa of mouth
- intestinal tract
- genitourinary tract
-
Vaginitis in males
NGU not caused by gonorrhea
-
Vulvovaginal candidiasis
yeasty discharge
-
-
Vaginitis diagnosis
microscopic and culture
-
-
Bacterial vaginosis causative agent
gardeners vaginalis
-
Vaginosis symptoms
copious fishy, gray white, thin frothy discharge
-
-
Vaginosis diagnosis
clue cells
-
Vaginosis treatment
metronidazole
-
Gardnerella not transmitted by
sex
-
Gardeners species only associated with
sex
-
Gardenerella species could occur if
semen (or saliva) causes changes in the vaginal epithelium or biota
-
What causes increased numbers of Gardnerella
not known
-
Low pH typical of the vagina is higher in
vaginosis
-
trichomoniasis caused agent
trichomonad vaginalis
-
Trichomoniasis found in
semen or urine of male carriers
-
Trichomoniasis vaginal infections causes
irritation and profuse foul, greenish yellow brother discharge
-
-
Trichomoniasis diagnosis
microscopic identification, DNA probe
-
Trichomoniasis treatment
metronidazole
-
Genital herpes caused by
herpes simplex virus 2 (human herpesvirus 2, HSV-2)
-
What is genital herpes?
painful vesicles on genetial
-
How neonatal herpes transmitted
transmitted to fetus or newborns
-
Where do recurrence from virus latent appear
in nerves
-
Genital Herpes suppression
acyclovir
-
Genital warts
human paillomaviruses
-
Some strains of HPV cause
cervical cancer and cancer or the penis
-
-
Genital warts prevention
vaccination against HPV strains
-
HIV enters
mucous membranes or the skin
-
HIV enters mucous membrane or the skins and travels to
dendritic cells beneath the epithelium
-
Where does HIV virus grow
inside the dendritic cell and is shed without killing the cell
-
HIV virus amplifies by
macrophages in the skin, lymph organs, bone marrow, and blood
-
HIV virus infects and destroys
Helper T4 and CD4 lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and B lymphocytes
-
HIV transmission
- semen and vaginal secretions harbor free virus and infected white blood cells
- significant factor in sexual transmission
-
HIV virus can be isolated from
all not considered sources of infection
-
Breast milk HIV transmission
neonates who have escaped infection prior to and during birth can still become infected through nursing
-
HIV infection and AIDS epidemiology
- about 1 % if people who are antibody positive remain free of the AIDS
- functioning immunity to the virus can develop
-
HIV infection and AIDS nonprogressor
any person who remains healthy despite HIV infection
-
HIV infection and AIDS nonprogressor some people lack
the cytokine receptors that HIV require for entry
-
HIV infection and AIDS nonprogressor other people infected
with a weakened mutant strain of the virus
-
HIV infection and AIDS transmission
- direct (sexual)
- parenteral (blood-borne)
- vertical (perinatal and via breast milk)
|
|
