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sediment
produced by weathering, mass wasting or erosion
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detrital sedimentary rocks
begin as solid pieces of rock material
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chemical sedimentary rocks
begin as minerals dissolved in water
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organic sedimentary rock
composed of previously living organisms
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clastic texture
composed of broken pieces of something (rocks, shells)
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nonclastic(crystalline)
not composed of broken pieces
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shale
composed of clay particles
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laid down in thin layers, called laminae
shale
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exhibits rock cleavage
shale
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the most abundant of sedimentary rocks
shale
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mudstode(siltstone)
composed of silt sized particles
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has no rock cleavage, breaks into chunks
siltstone
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composed of sandgrains
sand stone
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most abundant type of sandstone
quartz
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conglomerate
composed of rounded gravel
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composed of jagged, angular gravel particles
breccia
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sizes of gravel
granules, pebbles, cobbles, boulders
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all detrital rocks have ( ) texture
clastic
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composed of calcite
limestone
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biochemical limestones
chalk, coquina, fossilliferous limestone
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composed of microscopic shells of marine organisms
chalk
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composed of broken sea shell such as clams or oysters
coquina
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composed of shells and shell fragments in a calcite cement
fossilliferous limestone
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inorganic limestones
travertine, oolitic limestone
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formed at hot springs, geysers and caves
travertine
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composed of small spheres called ooids forming in shallow bodies of water
oolitic limestone
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composed of microscopic shells of diatoms
diatomite
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formed in places such as salt flats in bolsons
evaporite deposits
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formed from the accumulation of plant matter in an oxygeon poor aquatic environment such as a swamp or bog
coal
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plant matter that may turn into coal
peat
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formed by shallow burial under sediment
lignite
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formed by deeper burial
bituminous coal
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anthracite
formed by very deep burial
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carbonaceous rock
any rock in which organic matter becomes trapped before the sediments formed a rock
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formed by some type of organic matter buried under sediment
oil and natural gas
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reservoir rock
rock in which oil and gas is found
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cap rock
impermeable rock which prevents the upward movement of oil and gas
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diagenesis
all the chemical, physical and biological changes which take place after a sediment is deposited in order to form a rock
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lithification
process by which loose sediment turns into a solid rock
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compaction
usually caused by burial under other sediments
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cementation
sediment particles being glued together
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bedding plane
the junction between beds
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cross bedding beds
beds at various, odd angles
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ripple marks
waves on the surface of sediment
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current ripple marks
formed by flowing water
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oscillation ripple marks
formed by sloshing water
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