COMM 180

describes and seeks to explain similarities and differences in thought and behaviours among group of humans

the learned and shared understanding among a group of people about how to behave and what has meaning in our lives

• forms the patterns of our lives
• guides how we think, feel, act and communicate 
• even shape our perceptions

• a particular mix of shared understanding held by groups within a larger society
•  group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them apart from other members of a culture.
•  

• language 
• dress
• religion 
• work habits 
• food preferences 
• child rearing practices

functions within society to maintain a subculture based on religion, language, common origin or ancestral tradition.

• loose tie between individuals 
• look just for yourself and your family 
• individual goal and achievements are encourage 
• individual right are the most important  
• rules promotes independences 
• freedom of choice and speech

individualistic

individualistic individualistic

individualistic individualistic

individualistic individualistic

individualistic individualistic

individualistic individualistic

• people from birth is integrated in a cohesive group 
• extended family is so important 
• continue and ongoing protection loyalty 
• conform for what is the best for the group 
• order, obedience and cooperation 
• elder people is appreciated

Collectivist

Collectivist

Collectivist

Collectivist

Collectivist

Collectivist

• Genders are clearly distinct 
• dominance, assertiveness, acquisition of things
• more assertive task given to men

Masculinity Culture

Masculinity Culture

Masculinity Culture

• Gender roles overlap. Androgynous (both gender)
• people, feelings, quality of life

Femininity Culture

I need my own space vs. I want to be close 

• wanting novelty / wanting routine or Familiarit
• We need to do something new and different vs. I like the familiar rhythms we have

• Wanting open communication / needing a degree of privacy even with intimates
• I like to sharing so much with you vs. There are some thing I do not want to talk about with you

recognize another's ideas and feeling as legitimate

denies, ignores or challenges another's feelings and ideas

• recognize that another person exit
• disconfirm other when we do not acknowledge their existence

• o   Confirm
• Acknowledgement of what another feels, thinks or says
• Nonverbally by nodding our head or by making eye contact
• Verbal are direct responses to others' communication
• o   Disconfirm
• Do not acknowledge their feeling or thoughts
• Response that are tangential, irrelevant or impersonal do not acknowledge what another has said

pertaining to 

not personal; without reference or connection toa particular person:

we feel defensive, on guard, we are unlikely to communicate

we feel supported and comfortable, we communicate freely

o   are the feeling on being manipulated or being less than open about what is n their mind

• is the counterpoint to strategy
• open, honest and unpremeditated

• expressed disagreement 
• interdependence 
• the felt need for resolution

elements of coflict

• out in the open and explicit, exist when people deal with their differences in a direct, straightforward manner 
• involve physical attack

• when people express their feeling about disagreement indirectly 
• when angry, a person may deliberately do something to hurt or upset another person

• Acting aggressively while denying feeling or acting aggressive 
• Punishes another person without accepting responsibility for the punishment
• It undercuts the possibility of honest, healthy relationship

one person pretends to be complimentary but actually puts another down

a person deliberately set another person up for a fall

people try to monopolize rather than listen and respond to each other

a person pretend to be asking for help but then refuses all the help that is offered

invest time, effort, energy, thought and feelings

• grows out of investment, such as time, talk and shared experience 
• out of becoming familiar and comfortable being together

the ability to punish or withhols resources

ability to reward

owning special knowledge or expertise

having authority by virtue (美德 )or postion

having personal charisma and charm 魅力

knowing the right people

ability to get others to do one's bidding by claiming helplessnes or inability

報復

the overall character and quality of the communication environment of an organization

• supportiveness 
• participation 
• Trust 
• openness 
• Goal Clarity

foster a sense of personal worth

employess feel they can influence decisions that affect them

information sources are reliable adn believable

bother supervisor and co-worker are open to participate in communiation

prospect of clear, attainable goals

alternative way of characterizing the overall quailty of an organization

distinguish levels of status among memebers

many organizations emphasizes interest and experience more tyical o men than women

dramatic, planned activities that bring together aspects of cultural ideology into a single event

occur regularly and that employess perceive as familiar and routine parts organization life

activities that individuals routinely engage in to define themsevels

• standardized performances that affirm relationships among members of organization 
• dinning room

help memeber of an orgainziation perform their jobs

• a sense of connectedness ans meaning in one's life
• means having a deeper purpose than just receiving  paycheque; it means being regarded as a whole perosn with a brain, a heart an soul