Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
B) regulation of leukocyte and platelet production
All of the following structures are components of the urinary system except
A) gallbladder
Which sequence correctly traces the path of urine after it leaves the kidneys?
D) ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
What structure rests on the superior pole of each kidney?
B) adrenal gland
The four tissue layers surrounding and supporting the kidneys are the
A) fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, and paranephric fat
The outer layer of the kidney, just internal to the fibrous capsule, is the renal
C) cortex
In a typical adult kidney, the renal ____________ is subdivided into 8 to 15 distinct conical or triangular structures known as renal ____________.]
D) medulla; pyramids
Which term describes the tip of a renal pyramid that projects toward the renal sinus?
A) renal papilla
Blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect to the kidney at a prominent medial indentation known as the
C) hilum
What is the functional filtration unit in the kidney?
C) nephron
Components of a nephron include
D) all of the above
Components of a renal corpuscle include
A) a glomerulus and glomerular capsule
From the renal artery, blood flows through which sequence of arteries?
C) segmental, interlobar, arcuate, interlobular
In various nephrons, ____________ form a network around the convoluted tubules; surrounding the nephron loop are capillaries called the ____________.
B) peritubular capillaries; vasa recta
Nephrons with nephron loops that barely penetrate the renal medulla are called
C) cortical nephrons
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a juxtamedullary nephron?
A) the entire nephron is located in the superficial cortex of the kidney
Glomerular capillaries are characterized by all of the following except
A) an endothelium with an unusually thin basement membrane
Arrange the following to trace the path of filtrate through a renal tubule: (1) proximal convoluted tubule (2) distal convoluted tubule (3) ascending limb of nephron loop (4) descending limb of nephron loop
C) 1, 4, 3, 2
The three interrelated processes of urine formation are
C) filtration, reabsorption, and secretion
From which part of the renal tubule are 60-65% of the water and virtually all nutrients, electrolytes, and plasma proteins reabsorbed into the blood?
B) proximal convoluted tubule
Which part of the renal tubule is lined throughout its length by a simple cuboidal epithelium with sparse, short microvilli?
C) distal convoluted tubule
Hydrogen and potassium ions are secreted into the tubular fluid in the
A) distal convoluted tubule
Which sequence correctly traces the flow of tubular fluid after it leaves the nephrons?
A) collecting tubules, collecting ducts, papillary ducts
Innervation of the kidneys functions to
D) all of the above
Which type of epithelium lines the ureters and urinary bladder?
A) transitional
Each ureter originates at the renal ____________ as it exits the hilum of its respective kidney.
A) pelvis
The hollow, muscular organ that temporarily stores urine is the
A) urinary bladder
Most of the mucosa of the urinary bladder is thrown into folds called ____________ that allow for extreme distension.
C) rugae
Which sequence correctly traces the flow of urine after it leaves the urinary bladder in a male?
Which one of the following doesnot characterize the micturition reflex?
C) internal urethral sphincter relaxes under conscious, voluntary control
Which selection includes all components of a nephron?
A) a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
A blockage in a glomerulus would directly obstruct blood flow into which vessel?
B) efferent arteriole
Compared with most capillaries, those of a glomerulus are unusual in which of the following ways?
D) all of the above
What three physical barriers must filtrate cross within the renal corpuscle?
B) glomerular endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes
Which of the following have no companion vessels?
D) segmental arteries
In which of the following selections are the structure and its contents correctly matched?
C) tubular fluid, proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons are to ____________ as convoluted tubules of cortical nephrons are to ____________.
D) vasa recta; peritubular capillaries
During which steps of urine formation are substances actually removed from the blood? (1) filtration (2) reabsorption (3) secretion
D) 1 and 3
Which of the following structures assist in producing more concentrated urine?
C) renal tubules and collecting ducts
Physically part of a nephron, each ____________ is also part of a tiny structure that helps regulate blood pressure and volume.
D) macula densa
Renin is released by the ____________ in response to ____________ renal blood volume or solute concentration in the tubular fluid.
B) juxtaglomerular cells; reduced
Damage to the renal medulla would most directly impair the function of
C) collecting ducts
Which hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex in response to rising levels of angiotensin II, increases water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules?
D) aldosterone
The direct consequence of inadequate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion would most likely be
B) dehydration
Which statement does not correctly describe the path of urine flow?
D) the renal pelvis conveys urine directly to the urethra
The renal plexus that innervates each kidney includes all of the following except
D) sympathetic preganglionic axons from the T10-T12 paravertebral ganglia
The ____________ innervation to the ____________ has no known effect.
B) parasympathetic; kidney
Which tunic found in the walls of most digestive organs, and the urinary bladder, is missing from the walls of the ureters?
D) submucosa
Which description of the urinary bladder and urethra is false?
D) the internal urethral sphincter is skeletal muscle under voluntary control
Which of the following are attributable in whole or in part to the reduced sensitivity to aldosterone and ADH that results from aging?
D) all of the above
Often diagnosed by an intravenous pyelogram, ____________ can commonly be treated nonsurgically with lithotripsy.
B) renal calculi
Through a series of developmental changes, a single extension of the embryonic hindgut that leads from the cloaca to the umbilicus forms all of the following except the
A) lateral umbilical ligaments
Which of the following comparisons of the male and female urethra is false?
B) the internal and external urethral sphincters are much farther apart in the male
Kidneys that remain at their embryonic point of origin usually have normal function, although their blood supply comes from ____________ instead of typical renal arteries.
C) branches of the common iliac arteries
Which of the following kidney anomalies has the most serious health consequences?
C) bilateral renal agenesis
Which organ is responsible for filtering the blood?
B) kidney
Which statement is true about the urinary bladder?
C) The bladder is lined with transitional epithelium.
Tubular fluid from the proximal convoluted tubule next travels to the
A) nephron loop.
The apex of a renal pyramid is called the renal
C) papilla.
The arteries located at the corticomedullary junction of the kidney are the
A) arcuate arteries.
Which statement is false about the kidneys?
C) The cortex is subdivided into renal pyramids.
Urine in a major calyx of the kidney next travels to the
A) renal pelvis.
Which structure is not controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
B) external urethral sphincter
Reabsorption is the movement of fluid and solutes from the
A) tubular fluid into the peritubular capillaries.
