The movement of digestion products, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the GI tract epithelium and into the underlying blood and lymphatic vessels is called
C) absorption
All of the following are organs of the digestive system except the
D) spleen
Which selection includes only accessory digestive organs?
C) gallbladder, liver, pancreas, salivary glands
Movements in the small intestine that churn the materials being digested and mix them with intestinal secretions are called
B) segmentation
Which term describes the wave of muscular contraction that moves material through the GI tract toward the anus?
C) peristalsis
Digestive functions of the tongue include
D) all of the above
The three pairs of multicellular salivary glands that secrete into the oral cavity are the ____________ glands.
D) parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
What is the mineralized matrix, similar to bone but harder, that forms the primary mass of each tooth?
D) dentin
Which selection doesnot correctly pair a type of tooth with its description?
B) incisors, one or two roots and spoon-shaped
Which mesentery covers most of the abdominal organs, extending inferiorly like an apron from the greater curvature of the stomach?
B) greater omentum
From deep to superficial, what are the tunics of the intraperitoneal portions of the GI tract?
D) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
In which of the following selections are the GI tract organs or regions correctly matched with the type of epithelium that lines them?
C) cecum, colon, and rectum; simple columnar
Within the mucous membrane of the GI tract, the layer of areolar connective tissue is called the
B) lamina propria
Which tunic of the GI tract typically contains an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer, with the myenteric nerve plexus in between?
D) muscularis
The esophagus enters the abdominal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm, the ____________, before it connects to the stomach.
B) esophageal hiatus
Histological features of the esophageal wall include
D) an outer fibrous layer, the adventitia, with no serosa
What are the three phases of the swallowing process?
C) voluntary, pharyngeal, and esophageal
Which digestive organ mechanically and chemically transforms a food bolus into chyme?
A) stomach
Which list proceeds from the superior to the inferior end of the stomach?
D) cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
The prominent folds of the mucosa that nearly disappear when the stomach expands are the
D) rugae
From the superior end downward, the three segments of the small intestine are the
C) duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
What is the function of the villi in the small intestine?
B) to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion
Which sequence lists the regions of the large intestine in order, from the end of the ileum to the anus?
C) cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
Arrange the segments of the colon in the sequence through which digested material passes prior to defecation: (1) sigmoid (2) transverse (3) descending (4) ascending
D) 4, 2, 3, 1
The mucosa of the large intestine is characterized by
D) all of the above
Production of bile is one of several important functions of the
B) gallbladder
Bile is stored and concentrated in the
D) gallbladder
Which hormones stimulate the production of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate?
C) cholecystokinin and secretin
Age-related changes in the digestive system include which of the following?
D) all of the above
On each maxilla and each side of the mandible, both the deciduous and permanent dentitions typically include two ____________ for slicing or cutting into food.
D) incisors
Unique to the permanent dentition, the two pairs of ____________ on each jaw are used for crushing and grinding food.
D) premolars
Which statement doesnot accurately describe an aspect of swallowing?
B) actions are primarily involuntary until the bolus reaches the oropharynx
Which salivary glands empty into the oral cavity through single ducts on each side of the lingual frenulum, posterior to the incisors?
C) submandibular
Which salivary glands are located subcutaneously, offering a good environment for a once-common childhood virus that is now largely controlled by vaccination?
A) parotid
Submucosal nerve plexus is to submucosa as ____________ nerve plexus is to muscularis.
A) myenteric
Histologically, the stomach mucosa contains
A) a simple columnar epithelial lining, with numerous gastric pits
The ____________ is actually composed of ____________ peritoneum and is therefore found only on organs within the peritoneal cavity.
A) serosa; visceral
Portions of the GI tract outside the peritoneal cavity are surrounded by a layer of areolar connective tissue called the
A) adventitia
Which selection correctly pairs a type of gastric epithelial cell with its secretion?
B) enteroendocrine cell, somatostatin
The production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa can be controlled by
D) all of the above
Which hormone, produced by enteroendocrine cells in the stomach lining, stimulates other gland cells as well as smooth muscle fibers in the stomach wall?
A) gastrin
The digestive fluids that mix with chyme in the ____________ are secreted by ____________.
B) stomach; the liver and pancreas
In the small intestine, the plicae circulares and villi provide
D) increased surface area for the absorption of nutrient molecules
Dietary lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins too large to enter the bloodstream directly can first enter the ____________ by way of ____________.
B) lymphatic system; lacteals
The mucosa of the ____________ is equipped with abundant, pea-sized or larger ____________ that help to protect it from encroaching bacteria.
D) ileum; Peyer patches
The hormones produced by the enteroendocrine cells of the intestinal glands include
B) secretin and cholecystokinin
The ____________ reflex stimulates powerful, peristaltic-like contractions of the teniae coli that produce ____________, often during or just after a meal.
D) gastrocolic; mass movements
Which ligament of the liver is the remnant of the fetal umbilical vein?
D) ligamentum teres
Between the skeletal and digestive systems, there are three types of ____________: one in osteons, one in ____________, and one within parietal cells of the gastric glands.
A) canaliculi; hepatic lobules
Exocrine secretion by the pancreas is
A) stimulated by the hormones cholecystokinin and secretin
Where does most nutrient absorption occur?
A) in the jejunum
In the adult, the only remnants of the embryonic ventral mesentery are the
D) lesser omentum and falciform ligament
What is the most likely cause of pernicious anemia (a chronic, progressive anemia of older adults), given that it can be successfully treated by administration of vitamin B12?
D) defective parietal cells in the gastric gland
What do all of the popular medications for reflux esophagitis ("heartburn") and gastroesophageal reflux disease have in common?
C) all work by reducing stomach acidity rather than preventing reflux
Which organ is located in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen?
B) liver
The _____ cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI).
B) parietal
Material leaving the ascending colon next enters the
D) transverse colon.
Which of these organs is retroperitoneal?
C) descending colon
Sympathetic innervation of the GI tract is responsible for
D) closing the pyloric sphincter.
The _____ is derived from the cranial part of the primary intestinal loop.
B) jejunum
The main pancreatic duct merges with the _____, and their contents empty into the duodenum through the major duodenal papilla.
C) common bile duct
Which statement is false about pancreatic juice?
B) It is responsible for emulsifying (breaking down) fats.
The "living" part of a tooth is the
B) pulp.
Most of the chemical digestion of our food occurs within the
