-
Vegetative nervous system; rest and digest.
parasympathetic nervous system
-
Fight or flight.
sympathetic nervous system
-
The primary site for studying many drug mechanisms.
peripheral nervous system, particularly the autonomic nervous system
-
What part of the nervous system is the major control of heart rate, GI, and eye.
parasympathetic nervous system
-
What are the 5 steps of neurotransmission for cholinergic and adrenergic nerves?
- 1. synthesis of neurotransmitter
- 2. storage of neurotransmitter
- 3. release of neurotransmitter
- 4. activation of the postsynaptic receptor
- 5. removal of neurotrasmitter
-
In the cholinergic synapse, ____________ is synthesized by choline acetyl transferase; it is released and combines with __________ receptors in ___(2)___ or ____________ receptors in ___(2)____.
acetylcholine; nicotinic; ganglia or neuromuscular junctions; muscarinic; neuroeffector junctions such as the SA node of the heart
-
Removal of acetylcholine at a cholinergic synapse is by _________________.
acetylcholinesterase
-
In an adrenergic synapse, ______________ is synthesized via...
norepinephrine (NE); tyrosine --> dopa --> dopamine --> NE
-
What is the rate-limiting step of the synthesis of norepinephrine?
tyrosine --> dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase
-
In the adrenal medulla, the enzyme __________ converts NE to epinephrine.
phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PMNT)
-
When sympathetic nerves are stimulated, released ________ combines postsynaptically with ________ receptors in blood vessels of the viscera and skin, ________ receptors of the heart, or __________ in certain tissues.
NE; alpha1; beta1; beta2
-
Alpha2 receptors on on the presynaptic terminal provide ___________ of __________, and beta2 receptors facilitate _______________ in response to ____________.
feedback regulation; NE release; NE release; epinephrine
-
In adrenergic synapses, removal of NE is primarily through _________, which is...
Uptake I; re-uptake into the presynaptic terminal, where it is stored in vesicles or exposed to monamine oxidase (MAO) and inactivated.
-
With adrenergic synapses, an alternate method of removal of NE is by NE being taken up into ______________, called ________, where it is inactivated by the enzyme _________________.
extraneuronal sites; Uptake II; catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
-
What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?
somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
-
The somatic nervous system is comprised on...
motor and sensory neurons communicating with muscle, skin, and sensory organs
-
The autonomic nervous system is comprised of...
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems communicating with organs and glands
-
The autonomic nervous system is ____________.
involuntary
-
Cholinergic drugs mimic ____________ at ____________ and ____________ sites; cholinergic receptor activating drugs are ________________; cholinesterase inhibiting drugs are ________________; cholinergic receptor blocking drugs are ____________.
acetylcholine; nicotinic; muscarinic; direct-acting agonists; indirect-acting agonists; antagonists
-
Parasympathomimetic drugs are __________ at ____________; parasympatholytic drugs are ___________ at _____________, which are _______________.
direct or indirect agonists; muscarinic sites; antagonists; muscarinic; antimuscarinic drugs
-
Sympathomimetic drugs are _____________ and _____________ sites; they can be... (2)
agonists; α and β; direct and indirect adrenergic agonists.
-
Sympatholytic drugs are ____________ at ____________ sites; they are _______________.
antagonists; α and β; anti-adrenergic drugs
-
Most drugs that act at cholinergic synapses produce their effects ____________; adrenergic drugs act ______________.
postsynaptically; pre- and postsynaptically
-
Cardiovascular function is primarily by __________ control of the _________ and _________; the __________ is dominant in controlling heart rate; the ________ controls vasculature.
autonomic; heart; blood vessels; parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
-
Variations in blood pressure (BP) are directed by the ___________ and relayed to the __________.
carotid sinus; medulla;
-
Increases in BP result in reflex slowing of the heart via ______ release of ________ at _________ receptors in the _________ of the heart; also, the ______________ decreases outflow, causing diminished release of ________ at _______ receptors, which lowers BP.
vagal; Ach; muscarinic; SA node; vasomotor center; NE; alpha1
-
Decreases in BP result in speeding of HR due to diminished release of ________; also, through the release of _______ at _______ receptors, which further increases the firing at the __________. Vasomotor outflow increases to cause release of _______ at _______ receptors to bring BP back to normal.
Ach; NE; beta1; SA node; NE; alpha1
-
When the activity of the cardiovascular system increases due to fight or flight, discharge at ___________ neurons increases, as well as the release of __________ in the medulla.
sympathetic; eppinephrine
-
Circulating epinephrine acts to... (3)
speed the heart, constrict blood vessels in the viscera and skin through alpha1 receptors, and dilate vessels to skeletal muscles through beta2 receptors
-
With increased circulating epinephrine due to fight or flight, blood flow is redirected to __________.
skeletal muscle
-
What are the differences between epinephrine and norepinephrine?
epinephrine is localized to the adrenal medulla, NE is localized to sympathetic neuroeffector junctions; epinephrine is an agonist at alpha and beta1 and beta2 receptors, NE acts at alpha and beta1 receptors only
-
Isoproterenol acts only at _______ receptors.
beta
-
Phenylephrine acts only at _________ receptors.
alpha
-
Describe the effectiveness of epinephrine, NE, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine at alpha receptors.
phenylephrine > NE > epinephrine > isoproterenol
-
Describe the effectiveness of epinephrine, NE, isoproterenol, and phenylephrine at beta receptors.
isoproterenol > epinephrine > NE > phenylephrine
-
Phentolamine is an ________________.
alpha receptor antagonist
-
Receptors present in vascular smooth muscle that cause contraction and increase in BP.
alpha1 receptors
-
3 agonists of alpha1 receptors.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, phenylephrine
-
1 antagonist of alpha1 receptors.
phentolmine
-
Receptors that provide pre-synaptic negative feedback of norepinephrine release.
alpha 2 receptors
-
1 agonist of alpha 2 receptors.
xylazine
-
1 antagonist of alpha2 receptors.
yohimbine
-
Receptors present in the heart that increase the rate and force of contraction.
beta1 receptors
-
3 agonists of beta1 receptors.
epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoprentol
-
1 antagonist of beta1 receptors.
propanolol
-
Receptors present in vascular smooth muscles that cause relaxation of vessels and skeletal pre-synaptic negative feedback of norepinephrine release; decrease BP.
beta2 receptors
-
2 agonists of beta2 receptors.
epinephrine and isoproternol
-
1 antagonist of beta2 receptors.
propanolol
-
Anticholinesterase is an indirect agonist because...
its action depends on the release of Ach.
-
Muscarinic receptors are ____________; nictoinic receptors are associated with __________.
cardioinhibitory; ganglia
-
The control of pupillary diameter in dominated by the __________ through the _______.
parasympathetic NS; CN III
-
The pupillary light reflex responds to increases in light by...
actively constricting the constrictor pupillae (circular) muscle
-
Decreases in light intensity cause...
the dominant parasympathetic fibers to reduce their rate of firing and allow passive relaxation to dilate the pupil.
-
______________ controls the contractility of the dilator pupillae (radial) muscle; pair or fear trigger a ____________ response and cause _________ of the pupil.
Sympathetic innervation; sympathetic; active dilation
-
The sympathetic innervation to the pupil is ____________.
norepinephrine alpha
-
Contraction of the sphincter m. causes ____________; contraction of the radial muscle causes ___________.
miosis; mydriasis
-
Physostigmine is a reversible blocker of ______________; it is a(n) _____________ on the __________ muscle, which is __________ in nature.
acetylcholinesterase; indirect agonist; sphincter; parasympathetic
-
Amphetamine causes the displacement and release of ________ from the __________; it is a(n) _____________ of the ________ muscle, which is __________ in nature.
NE; pre-synaptic terminal; indirect agonist; radial; sympathetic
-
Cocaine blocks the __________ of __________; it is a(n) _____________ of the __________ muscle, which is ___________ in nature.
re-uptake; NE; indirect agonist; radial; sympathetic
-
With Horner's syndrome, the use of _____________ in the affected eye can help to...
sympathomimetic drugs; localize the lesion to pre-ganglionic or post-ganglionic nerve
-
[Eye] If the lesion is post-ganglionic to the sympathetic nerve, indirect acting drugs will not produce ___________ because they are dependent upon ______________.
mydriasis; NE in an intact synaptic terminal
-
[Eye] If the lesion is post-ganglionic in the sympathetic nerve, direct-acting epinephrine will produce __________ because when degeneration of this fiber occurs, the _______________ for the ______________ is lost.
mydriasis; pre-synaptic re-uptake mechanism; removal of NE and ephinephrine
-
[Eye] If the lesion is pre-ganglionic to the sympathetic nerve, cocaine has _______ effect because...
no; no impulses reach the eye to release NE.
-
A drug which elicits no response by itself but enhances the response of another drug.
potentiation
-
The action of cocaine is ____________ because it has no ____________ qualities, and it ___________ the action of _________.
potentiation; alpha agonistic; potentiates; released NE
-
The response elicited by a combination of two drugs is equal to the combined responses of the individual drugs.
Addition
-
The response elicited by a combination of two is greater than the combined response of the individual drugs.
synergism
-
A drug which elicits no response by itself but inhibits the response of another drug.
antagonistm
-
[Eye] Pre-ganglionic AND post-ganglionic lesion of parasympathetic nerve leads to loss of impulses to ________ and up-regulation of ____________, ultimately ____________; there is no effect from __(2)__; there is loss of _______________.
sphincter muscle; muscarinic receptor; supersensitivity; indirect agonists, antagonists; physiologic antagonism to radial muscle
-
[Eye] Pre-synaptic lesion of sympathetic nerve leads to loss of impulses to ___________ and up-regulation of ___________, ultimately ___________; there is no effect from ___(2)___; there is loss of _______________.
radial muscle; adrenergic receptor; supersensitivity; cocaine, antagonists; physiologic antagonist to sphincter muscle.
-
[Eye] Post-synaptic lesion of sympathetic nerve leads to loss of impulses to ___________ and up-regulation of ___________, ultimately ___________; there is also degeneration of the ___________ at the __________ and loss of __________; there is no effect from ___(3)___; there is loss of _______________.
radial muscle; adrenergic receptors; supersensitivity; pre-synaptic terminal; radial muscle; uptake; cocaine, amphetamine, antagonists; physiologic antagonist to sphincter muscle
-
Acetylcholine is a(n) ___________ to the __________.
direct agonist; sphincter muscle
-
Norepinephrine is a(n) _____________ to the ____________.
direct agonist; radial muscle
-
Atropine is a(n) __________ to the ___________.
antagonist; sphincter muscle
-
Phentolamine is a(n) _____________ to the _________.
antagonist; radial muscle
|
|
