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With intervertebral disc extrusion, the ____________ degenerates, dehydrates, and hardens, causing it to extrude through a tear in the _________, causing...
nucleus pulposus; annulus fibrosis; spinal cord and/or nerve root compression
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____________ breeds are more likely to be affected with IVDE.
Chondrodystrophic (weinies, shih tzus, bassets)
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The clinical signs of IVDE have a(n) __________ onset, and clinical signs include... (5)
acute; pain, paresis, paralysis, ataxia, root signature
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Lameness or pain in a limb due to nerve root compression.
root signature
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On a radiograph, signs of IVDE may include __(2)__, but you need _________ to definitively diagnose IVDE.
narrowed disc space,mineralized disc; CT or MRI
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Describe medical treatment of IVDE. (3)
rest, NSAIDs, muscle relaxants
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Describe surgical management of IVDE and when it is warranted.
when unresponsive to medical treatment or neurologic deficits worsen; hemilaminectomy(thoracic or lumbar) or ventral slot (cervical) to remove material compressing spinal cord
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With intervertebral disc protrusion (IVDP), the __________ and __________ degenerate and bulge into the spinal canal.
nucleus pulposus; annulus fibrosis
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IVDP onset is ________; clinical signs include...
slow and progressive; spinal ataxia, paresis, pain
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________ are most likely to be affected by IVDP.
Large breed dogs
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Describe the conservative treatment of IVDP.
prednisone, moderation in activity (NOT strict confinement) [CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT IS PREFERRED FOR IVDP BECAUSE IT IS A CHRONIC DISEASE AND USUALLY IN MULTIPLE LOCATIONS]
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How does Prednisone help with conservative management of IVDP?
reduces vasogenic edema in the spinal cord
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Wobbler's syndrome is aka ____________.
caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy
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What are the two forms of Wobbler's syndrome?
disc associated and osseous associated
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With disc associated Wobbler's syndrome, there is ____________ and _____________ that cause _________ compression of the spinal cord.
disc protrusion; thickening of the dorsal longitudinal ligament; ventral
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Disc associated Wobbler's syndrome has a(n) ___________ onset, and clinical signs include... (4)
slow and progressive; ataxia, tetraparesis, 2-engine gait, neck pain
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__________ are most likely to be affected by disc associated Wobbler's syndrome.
Older large breed dogs
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Disc associated Wobbler's syndrome radiographs may show _____________ or ____________, but you need ________ to make a definitive diagnosis.
disc space narrowing; upward tipping of cranial end of vertebrae; MRI
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Medical treatment of disc associated Wobbler's syndrome involves...
prednisone or NSAIDs and moderation in activity
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Surgical treatment of disc associated Wobbler's syndrome involves...
distraction and stabilization; disc replacement
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With osseous associated Wobbler's syndrome, there is ____________ of the ____________ and ___________, and _______________ of the _____________, causing __________ compression of the spinal cord.
bone proliferation; articular facets; dorsal lamina; thickening; ligamentum flavum; dorsolateral
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____________ are most likely to be affected by osseous associated Wobbler's syndrome.
young adult large breed dogs
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The onset of osseous associated Wobbler's syndrome is ___________, and clinical signs include... (4)
slow and progressive; ataxia, tetraparesis, 2-engine gait, SOMETIMES neck pain
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Osseous associated Wobbler's syndrome radiographs may show ___________, but you need _________ to confirm diagnosis.
degenerative changes of articular facets; MRI
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Describe medical treatment of osseous associated Wobbler's syndrome. (3)
Prednisone or NSAIDs, moderation in activity, weight management
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Describe surgical treatment of osseous associated Wobbler's syndrome.
dorsal/dorsolateral laminectomy (NOT CURATIVE)
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With lumbosacral stenosis, there is ___________ of the lumbosacral spinal canal due to ___(4)___.
narrowing; disc protrusion, bone proliferation, thickening of the ligamentum flavum and dorsal longitudinal ligament
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___________ are most likely to be affected by lumbosacral stenosis.
middle aged/older large breed dogs (ESPECIALLY GSD)
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The onset of lumbosacral stenosis is ___________, and clinical signs include... (5)
slow and progressive; low LS pain, pelvic limb weakness +/- lameness, incontinence, low tail carriage
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Diagnose lumbosacral stenosis via _________ to evaluate the...
MRI; spinal canal and intervertebral foramen
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Describe medical treatment of lumbosacral stenosis. (2)
rest, NSAIDs
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Describe surgical treatment of lumbosacral stenosis.
dorsal laminectomy- good for pain control but may not resolve neurologic symptoms
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Atlantoaxial subluxation is usually caused by __________ of the __________; abnormal ____________ of the ________ may be a factor.
aplasia; dens; ligamentous support; dens
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__________ are most likely to be affected by atlantoaxial subluxation.
Young toy breed dogs
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Clinical signs of atlantoaxial subluxation include... (3)
neck pain, tetraparesis/plegia, ataxia of all limbs
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Atlantoaxial subluxation radiographs show...
increased space b/w dorsal lamina of C1 and spinous process of C2; may see absence of dens
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Describe medical treatment atlantoaxial subluxation. (2)
neck splint, NSAIDs or Prednisone
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Describe the surgical treatment of atlantoaxial subluxation.
stabilize with pins and bone cement
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What is discospondylitis?
Infection of the vertebral end plates or intervertebral disc due to staph, strep, E. coli, brucella, or fungus
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How does infection usually reach the IVD to cause discospondylitis?
hematogenous spread
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With discospondylitis, there is destruction of the ________, lysis of ____________, instability of the ________,and soft tissue and bone ____________.
disc; bony endplates; spine; proliferation
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____________ are the most likely to be affected with discospondylitis.
Older large breed, pure bred dogs
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Clinical signs of discospondylitis include... (3)
spinal pain, +/- signs of systemic illness, uncommonly neurologic deficits
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Discospondylitis radiographs show ________ of the disc space, ____________ of the end plates, and soft tissue and bone ____________.
collapse; concentric lysis; proliferation
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Describe the treatment of discospondylitis. (2)
long term antibiotics, rarely needs surgical stabilization
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