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cardiovascular system
- Circulatory system
- Composed of heart, blood vessels, blood
- Closed system that moves blood between heart and cells
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heart
- Organ that pushes blood thru body
- Size of fist, in chest
- Contracts atria and ventricles to push blood
- Valves open and close to make lub-dub heartbeat
- Regulated by electrical signals
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blood vessels
- arteries, veins, capillaries
- arterioles, venules
- Transport blood to/from heart thru body
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veins
Carry blood to the heart
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arteries
Carry blood from the heart
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blood
- fluid tissue
- composed of liquid plasma and cellular elements
- replenished from cells in bone marrow
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plasma
- 55% of blood liquid
- 92% water, ions, nutrients, waste
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red blood cells
- Carry oxygen to cells
- 99% of cellular elements in blood
- No nuclei
- Packed with hemoglobin
- ~120 days
- Dark red = deoxy
- Bright red = oxy
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white blood cells
- Immunity cells
- defend body from invading organisms
- 3-4 days
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platelets
- Cell fragments produced by large cells
- clump together to stop bleeding
- release clotting factors
- 5-9 days
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clotting factors
chemicals that help make blood clots
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hemophilia
- inability to clot blood
- clotting factors not released
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atria
- top chambers of heart
- 1 & 3
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ventricles
- bottom chambers of heart
- 2 & 4
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capillaries
- allow exchange of gases & nutrients between blood and cells
- very thin, 1 cells at time
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homeostasis
- maintaining constant internal environment
- ability of organism to sense and maintain constant internal environment despite changes in external environment
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thermoregulation
process of controlling heat gain or loss
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metabolic heat
- heat gained from metabolic processes
- sum of chemical reactions inside cells
- Food = ultimate source of heat
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environmental heat
- heat obtained from external environment
- sunlight = ultimate source of heat
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endotherm
- animals that warm themselves
- mammals, birds
- metabolic heat
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electrical signals in the heart
- p-wave: atria contract
- QRS wave: ventricles contract
- t-wave: recovery, relaxes
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ectotherm
- animals that depend on environment for warmth
- invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles
- gain energy from sunlight
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What are the three components of the circulatory system?
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What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
move blood between heart and cells
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How does the Heart work?
- Pumps blood by contracting atria and ventricles
- right atrium receives deoxy blood from body
- contracts to push blood down to right ventricle
- right ventricle contracts to push blood into lungs to get O2
- left atrium receives O2 blood from lungs
- contracts to push blood down to left ventricle
- left ventricle contracts and pushes blood to body
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When is your blood oxygen rich? When is your blood oxygen poor?
- Oxygen rich when leaving lungs and heart until reaches capillaries
- Oxygen poor from capillaries to heart/lungs
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When is your blood dark red? When is your blood bright red? What makes it change
color?
- Dark red = deoxy blood, cap to heart/lungs
- Bright red = oxy blood, lungs/heart to cap
- O2 bonded to hemoglobin changes color of blood
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What is the direction of blood flow in our bodies?
- high pressure to low pressure
- heart - lungs - heart - body - heart
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What are some important facts about the heart?
- Fist-sized in chest
- heartbeat from valves opening/closing
- regulated by electrical signals
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What is hemoglobin? Where do we find hemoglobin?
- protein that binds O2
- found in red blood cells
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What is blood pressure? What is the expected blood pressure of a healthy resting
human heart?
- Force generated by heart to drive blood thru vessels
- 120/80
- top number: maximum pressure, heart contracts
- bottom number: minimum pressure, heart relaxes
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How does your body know how to react to your changing environment?
- body senses external environment
- produces response to counteract change
- knows when to stop reaction
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What aspects of our body do we regulate?
- temp: 37 C. 98.6 F
- moisture/hydration levels: excretion/retention of fluids
- pH: 7.3
- gases: O2, CO2
- organic molecules: glucose, ions
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What are the two main sources of heat for animals?
- Food - endotherm, metabolic
- Sunlight - ectotherm, environmental
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peripheral nervous system
gathers info from internal/external enviro
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central nervous system
processes info from PNS & generates response
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neurons
- nerve cells that receive & send electrical signals
- detect & interpret info
- integrate info from multiple sources
- store info
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glial cells
support cells of the nervous system
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dendrites
- around neuron body
- receive messages from other cells
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axon
- tail of neuron
- passes messages away from body to other neurons, muscles, glands
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brain
- organ
- center of nervous system
- encased in cranium
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spinal cord
- thick central nerve cord
- continuous with brain
- protected by vertebra
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nerves
- 31 pairs
- axons of multiple neurons bundled together to form one communication pathway
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vertebra
stacks of ring-shaped bones that surround the spinal cord
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somatic
Voluntary control over PNS messages
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autonomic
Involuntary responses to PNS messages
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sympathetic
- fight or flight
- responses to stress
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parasympathetic
- rest and digest
- regulate body's actions
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interneurons
form connections between neurons
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action potential
- electrical disturbance that travels down the axon
- Na+ has charge, travels down axon in 1 direction
- triggers release of neurotransmitters to next cell
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neurotransmitters
- chemical messengers
- stored at axon's terminal
- triggers next cell for message
- triggered by action potential
- bind to receptors on membrane of next neuron
- alter the electrical charge of next neuron to start another action potential
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synapse
junction where message from one cell is relayed to next cell
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sensory system
- part of peripheral system
- process sensory info from receptors
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sensory receptors
detect stimuli and transmit info to nervous system
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chemoreceptors
- receptors that respond to chemicals
- taste buds in tongue for taste
- receptors in nose for smell
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mechanoreceptors
- receptors that respond to physical changes affecting the surface and interior of body
- skin receptors for touch - light, pressure, strong pressure
- bare nerve endings sense pain & itching & temp
- receptors in ear for hearing
- outer ear funnels sounds into inner ear
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photoreceptors
- receptors that respond to light
- vision in eye
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What are the components of the Nervous System?
- central nervous system
- peripheral nervous system
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What is the difference between the CNS and the PNS?
- PNS gathers info
- CNS processes & responds to info
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What are the components of the CNS?
- brain
- spinal cord
- coverings
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What is the function of the Nervous System?
receive, interpret, respond to messages from sensory organs
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How do neurons send and receive messages?
- action potential travels down axon
- reaches axon terminal
- triggers neurotransmitters
- message continues to next neuron
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What are the different kinds of receptors of the Sensory System?
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What is the relationship between the Nervous and the Sensory Systems?
- nervous system processes info from sensory system
- sensory system is part of PNS
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respiratory system
- system responsible for exchange of O2 and CO2 between organism & enviro
- lungs, diaphragm, airways, pharynx/larynx/trachea
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lungs
- respiration organs
- O2 & CO2 exchanged from blood
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diaphragm
- sheet of muscles
- lays across bottom of chest cavity
- separates heart & lungs from ab cavity
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pharynx
- airway
- area where mouth & nose cavities meet
- back of throat
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larynx
- voice box
- below pharynx
- above trachea
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trachea
- largest breathing tube
- covered by C-bands
- below larynx
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breathing
process of taking and releasing air from lungs
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inhalation
when air is pulled into lungs
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exhalation
when air leaves lungs
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bronchi
- smaller tubes branching from trachea
- lead to lungs
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alveoli
- tiny sacs with thin membranes in lungs
- allow diffusion of gases between red blood cells & air
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digestive system
- system responsible for digesting food
- begins at mouth, ends at anus
- food broken down into smaller organic molecules
- organic molecules absorbed into bloodstream
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digestion
- chemical breakdown of food
- mouth - sugars
- stomach - proteins
- upper small intestine - fats
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ingestion
- first stage of digestion
- consumption of food
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absorption
uptake of nutrients from food into bloodstream
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elimination
- last stage of digestion
- expulsion of undigested food
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behavior
- sum of total responses from environmental stimuli
- fixed & learned
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stimuli
cues from environment for behavior
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What is the main function of the respiratory system?
exchange gases between organism & enviro
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What are the components of the respiratory system?
- lungs
- diaphragm
- airways (nose, mouth, pharynx)
- windpipe (pharynx, larynx, trachea)
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What happens when we breathe?
- take in air from enviro
- air enters body through airways
- air travels down windpipe to lungs
- deoxy blood pumped to lungs
- gases diffuse thru alveoli to blood
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How do we exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide? How does this relate to
cellular respiration?
- respiratory system provides O2 for circulatory system
- circ system takes O2 to cells for respiration
- circ system carries CO2 to respiratory system for expulsion
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What are the different components of the digestive system?
- mouth
- esophagus
- stomach
- intestines
- colon
- anus
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How do we process food?
- chewed, then chemically broken down
- mouth - sugars, enzymes in saliva
- stomach - proteins, enzymes in acid
- upper small intestine - fats
- nutrients absorbed
- undigested food expelled
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What are some examples of animal behaviors?
- find food
- avoid predators
- defend territories
- choose mates
- take care of offspring
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What is the difference between fixed behaviors and learned behaviors?
- fixed: expressed from birth, instinctual
- learned: acquired by experience, from past situations
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Name two types of learned behavior
- imprinting: babies learn to recognize mothers
- problem solving: figure out solutions to challenging problems
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What are other types of behaviors?
- social: interactions among members of a group
- communication: exchange/send signals with others, any type of signal/sense
- mating: lead to sexual reproduction
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skeleton
- hard internal framework
- provides support, protection, movement
- bones and cartilage
- axial & appendicular
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bones
- living tissue with blood vessels and nerves
- surrounded by calcium & phosphate
- long, short, flat, irregular
- spongy & compact tissues
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axial skeleton
- bones for protecting vital organs
- along midline of body
- skull, sternum, ribs, spinal column
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appendicular skeleton
- bones attached to spinal column
- for motion
- scapula, clavicle, hips, arms, legs
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marrow
tissue inside bones that produces blood cells
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cartilage
- dense connective tissue
- strength & flexibility
- nose, ears, rib cage, joints
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teeth
- small calcified structures
- incisors, canines, premolars & molars
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ecosystem
all organisms & non-living factors in specific area
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community
interacting species in defined area
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food webs
- sequences of feeding patterns
- dietary relationships between organisms
- various food chains in a community
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food chains
linear sequence of feeding
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producers
organisms that capture sunlight and produce glucose
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consumers
- organisms that eat other organisms
- cannot make own food
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trophic levels
- different levels in a food chain
- level of energy flow through an ecosystem
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What is the function of the human skeleton?
- provide support
- protect organs
- allow movement
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What is the function of the bones involved in the axial skeleton? What about the
appendicular skeleton?
- axial: protect vital organs
- appendicular: movement
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What are the different types of bones and where can we find them?
- long: large movements, legs & arms
- short: fine movements, hands & feet
- flat: protection, head & trunk
- irregular: various functions, throughout body
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What are the two structural components of bones?
- compact bone tissue: forms hard white outer region
- spongy bone tissue: forms inside of bone, bone cells form meshwork
- blood vessels & nerves
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Name the different types of mammalian teeth and their functions?
- incisors: front teeth, biting & cutting
- canines: each side of incisors, piercing & tearing
- premolars & molars: back/cheek, grinding
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How can we differentiate between a carnivore and herbivore based on their
teeth?
- carnivore - sharp teeth for piercing & biting
- herbivore - flat teeth for grinding
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What makes an ecosystem?
- all living organisms
- non-living factors
- interactions to obtain energy
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What is the difference between food webs and food chains?
- food webs made up of many food chains
- food webs are multi-direction
- food chains linear
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What happens to the Energy as it flows through the Food Chains?
- flows in single direction, not recycled
- energy enters as sunlight
- captured by producers
- 10% obtained in each trophic level
- energy lost as heat in each level
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What are the different trophic levels in an ecosystem?
- producer
- primary consumer
- secondary consumer
- tertiary consumer
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Name one example of how we can study an ecosystem. (Hint: what did you do
in Lab 18?)
Examine droppings, prey
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