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What is de-individuation?
- The process of losing one's self awareness when part of a group
- Feel less individual responsibility and a sense of shared responsibility
- Diener et al (1976) gave trick or treaters the opportunity to steal sweets. When in a group or sure of their anonymity stealing went up threefold
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What was the Stanford prison experiment?
- Zimbardo (1971)
- Participants randomly assigned as either guards or inmates
- Attempts to assert guard dominance got progressively more violent and abusive
- Aggression was a natural consequence of being in the uniform and abuse of power was more likely as people lost their capacity for judgment and agency, becoming helpless to antisocial influences
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What are the criticisms of the Stanford prison experiment?
- Carnahan & McFarland (2007)
- Strong demand characteristics to please Zimbardo
- Zimbardo was the prison warden, people assumed he was okay with everything
- Child of its time, cannot generalise across culture (all upper middle class male participants)
- Unethical
- Perhaps displaying SLT, not de-individuation
- Not everyone reacted in the same way and this wasn't addressed properly
- No objective empirical measurement of phenomenon
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What was the BBC prison study?
- Reicher & Haslam (2006)
- P's randomly assigned as guards or inmates
- No direction from researchers, no superintendents
- Guards had better tools of power, authority and conditions than inmates
- Initially there was no real social identification between guards meaning they worked against each other and diminished their power further decreasing identification
- Prisoners came to share a group identity, with this leading to agreement and mutual support
- They were more effectively organised, establishing leaders and becoming more cohesive and powerful
- Collective self realisation made them more cohesive and helped them cope with stressors better
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What was phase 2 of the BBC prison study?
- Single self governing commune established
- Many but not all identified highly with the goals and values in the beginning, and those willing to be self organising were not willing to use power to discipline dissenters
- The commune system started to break down as people could not turn these beliefs into a form of social being meaning no group identity
- Day 8: guards imposed a new strict military regime, displaying much higher levels of authoritarianism than inmates
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How does tyranny arise?
- People don't automatically assume given roles and their behaviour depends on the norms and values of their social identity
- Shared social identity lets people become effective social agents who shape their world
- If they cannot shape their world they become despondent and turn to more extreme belief systems
- This powerlessness makes them identify with authoritarian figures and regimes
- They believe in this regime, they are not blindly conforming
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What is majority influence
- Conformity: social influence due to exposure of the opinions of many
- Asch (1951) line experiment
- Replicated without confederates by Mori & Arai (2010) using polarising glasses
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What is minority influence?
- Innovations occur to change groups and challenge the majority view and are often ridiculed at first
- Through a behavioural style of consistency and confidence the majority view can change
- Suffrage movement Pankhurst (1903)
- Moscovici, Lage & Naffrechoux (1969): P's asked to identify blue and green colours and a minority response of green was consistently given by confederates (8% of the time) or randomly (1%)
- P's then asked to decide where blue ends and green begins on a spectrum, with the minority influence group identifying more of the stimuli as green
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What is the conversion theory?
- Moscovici (1980)
- Majority influence:
- Generates comparisons between source and target
- Conflict is resolved by overt compliance to the majority position in public or on direct measures without further consideration of the issue
- Minority influence:
- Validation process is triggered, making the person pay closer attention to the issue to evaluate their belief
- People are unlikely to agree with the minority in public for fear of being labelled a deviant, however a private and/or indirect attitude change can occur
- Different situations are affected differently- Peréz & Mugny (1978), abortion views are affected more by majority and contraception by minority
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What is source context elaboration?
- Martin & Hewstone (2008)
- Issues requiring fewer elaborations are affected more by heuristic biases and processing
- Issues requiring a medium amount of elaborations are subject to majority or minority influence
- Issues requiring a lot of elaborations are systematically processed and more immune to minority or majority influence
- Affected by defensive processing motivated by self interest- Martin, Hewstone & Martin (2003)
- Negative personal outcome material for euthanasia resulted in systematic processing for the majority source and vice versa
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How does majority and minority influence extend outside of the lab?
- De Drue & West (2001)
- Minority influences:
- More likely to be indirect
- More often found in private contexts
- Delayed rather than immediate
- Minorities stimulate more debate and group creativity
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