looking into the urinary bladder with a fiberoptic instrument
Intravenous Pyelogram
special x-ray showing the drainage pattern of the kidneys
a dye opaque to x-rays is injected into a vein, after a waiting period for the blood and dye to pass through the kidneys the x-ray is taken of the collecting system of the kidney, ureter and bladder
Retrograde pyelogram
dye opaque to x-rays is flushed backwards up the urethra and bladder and up the ureters into the kidney
voiding cystourethrogram
after retrograde pyelogram urination
dialysis
procedure for cleansing the blood of waste products in individuals with decreased function/no function/ or nephrectomy to remove waste products