Geography Health

Physical, mental and social well-being as well as the absence of disease

Condition resulting from a form of dietary deficiency, not having enough nutrients. This can be caused by a range of factors including calorie intake, quantity of food or the absence of key vitamins and minerals in a diet such as iron or vitamin C.

a measure of hunger referring simply to not having enough food to develop or function normally. In children it can stunt both physical and mental growth and can lead to major health problems.

Is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including climatic factors which lead to crop failure, population unbalance, war or government policies.

Term sometimes given to selected diseases (usually non-communicable) and other health conditions which are commonly to be a result of increasing wealth in a society. Such as obesity

Conditions, often communicable, which occur as a direct result of a lack of education, access to adequate nutrition, lack of access to healthcare

Based on income - the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain group of people in a certain geographic area

Looking at an individual’s environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time and social belonging as well as wealth and employment

The state where a person has too much body fat and a BMI of 30 or more usually due to a high calorie and low exercise lifestyle

A reliable food supply that contains sufficient nutritional elements to keep a person healthy

measurement developed by WHO. Estimates the number of healthy years an individual is expected to live, subtracted by the number of ill years.

The frequency of disease, illness, injury and disability within a population

Deaths as a component to population change

The number of people who contract a disease over a period of time

Measures severity of a disease.The proportion of reported cases of a specific disease or condition which are fatal within a specific time

• Coronary heart disease
• Lung disease 

(these make up 1/3 or all deaths in the world)

• Cancer
• Alzheimer's disease
• Type 2 diabetes

• Diarrhoea
• Malaria
• HIV/AIDS
• TB

• Conditions such as poor maternal health, lack of nutrition and infections that lead to deaths of babies during the first week of life.
• Account for 1 in 5 deaths in LEDCs

60%

23%

(55% in LEDCs)

46 per 1000

• Undernourishment
• The environment (no sanitation, no clean water)
• Poor standards of living (indoor smoke from wood burning etc) 
• Social disease such as HIV/AIDS

• Blood pressure
• Physical inactivity
• Leisure activities (smoking and drinking) 
• Diet

• 70 years 
• (2012)

• Wealth and quality of life
• Access to healthcare
• Race or ethnic group

200 million

1.3million +

• No. 
• Even within countries urban areas have much higher numbers of health workers than rural areas

• Australia, Italy, Japan
• (all have 82 years)

Angola, Afghanistan, Nigeria

Cuba

• Food and diet
• Quality of and access to health care
• Female quality and status
• Poverty level

• Stress level
• Health care access and standard
• Living conditions
• Education
• Disease
• Hygiene 
• Smoking/drinking/drugs

A country's health profile changing from infectious or contagious diseases (more commonly found in LEDCs) to degenerative diseases (more commonly found in MEDCs)

Illness caused by pathogenic micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi which can be spread from one person to another directly or indirectly.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The state of having an abnormally high level of body fat and a BMI of 30 or more.

• Environment (food outlets available etc)
• Culture
• Socio-economic status
• Genetics
• Diet
• Physical inactivity
• Lack of education (about risks and diet)
• Medication
• High cost of living vs cheap fast food

• Set up The Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme which aims to:
• increase physical activity
• increase consumption of fruit and veg
• decrease sugar intake
• decrease television watching

• 225 million
• (2008)

malnutrition

• Poverty
• Ignorance (inadequate education)
• Prejudice (men before women, leaving women with undernourished babies)
• Food, such as protein, too expensive 
• Poor quality soil 
• Little rainfall

No, only the USA can really do that atm

The concept that once a person is stuck in a poor and malnourished state, they will continue to stay there as their health will deteriorate which will further their malnourished state... etc

• Education (which needs to be funded or provided by NGOs such as WHO)
• Introduction of healthcare schemes 
• Making efforts to improve equality

25%

• Social anxiety
• Arthritis 
• Depression 
• Infertility 
• Cancer
• Cardiovascular disease

• A lack of access to food, particularly foods needed for healthy diet. 
• Particularly prominent in poor neighbourhoods

• Waterways can become eutrophied from increased used of pest control and fertilisers
• Animals need antibiotics in order to reduce diesase, the medicine is then eaten and enters the biological system which damages other animals
• More food needs to be transported which leads to an increase of carbon emissions

Countries where there is the least differential between the richest and poorest sections of society, such as Japan

• Emergent
• Pluralistic
• Insurance/social security
• National health service
• Socialised

• Most hospitals in cities
• High numbers of patients to doctors
• Rural areas lack clinics
• National government spending on healthcare is low

• Health-care provided by independent doctors
• Consumer pays for everything from appointments to after-care drugs 
• People need insurance, although not compulsory

• The one adopted in France, which WHO found to be most effective in world. 
• Patients can choose doctors
• Backed by private healthcare schemes
• Patient pays on the spot but is reimbursed to varying degrees
• Expensive, increasing

• Provides citizens with equal access to health-care regardless of their ability to pay
• Financed by national government taxation
• NHS in the UK is a case-study

• Found in Cuba
• Aims to monitor citizens, free to them
• Prevention rather than treatment

A company that operates in at least two countries, consisting of a hierarchical structure that expands from very rich CEOs to very poor factory workers.

81.5 years

Process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected between different political, social and economic components of the world, as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.

• A company that works in at least two countries
• usually have a hierarchical structure with the headquarters in the country of origin
• work in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
• Most common in technology, large-volume consumer goods and services (e.g. banking, advertising)
• driving force behind globalisation, only a few areas of the world that are unaffected by TNCs
• tend to be in a collaborative effort with many other countries

• They provide employment at every level
• Help global health improve and meet Millenium development goals
• Pay taxes that contribute to the economy
• Growth of TNCs specialising in generic drugs

When TNCs alter a chemical slightly to get a new patent and more money

• Costs £50,000 to develop new drug
• Animal testing
• Long developing time (12 years)
• Branded drugs can be 30x more expensive than generic drugs
• Workers in tobacco TNCs absorb nicotine through skin - damaging

Drugs that satisfy the healthcare needs of the majority of the population and should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price everyone can afford

• a TNC
• produced the cheapest antiretroviral drugs for HIV
• Produces affordable cancer drugs (75% cheaper than alternatives)
• Operates a hospice that uses CIPLA products

• Selling single stick cigarettes (2p each)
• Advertising through sponsoring music artists and events 
• Bias leaflets that subtly advertise smoking
• Colourful posters advertising smoking as 'cool' and 'western'

One third

90%

• People may not be able to read them
• Cigarettes are sold as single sticks, which do not warn about health

• Number of people in the west smoking is going down
• Number of people in developing world is going up

Lower

• Able to afford leisure facilities
• Private healthcare
• Better diet
• Better quality housing