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Define: health
Physical, mental and social well-being as well as the absence of disease
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Define: Malnutrition
Condition resulting from a form of dietary deficiency, not having enough nutrients. This can be caused by a range of factors including calorie intake, quantity of food or the absence of key vitamins and minerals in a diet such as iron or vitamin C.
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Define: Undernourishment
a measure of hunger referring simply to not having enough food to develop or function normally. In children it can stunt both physical and mental growth and can lead to major health problems.
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Define: Famine
Is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several factors including climatic factors which lead to crop failure, population unbalance, war or government policies.
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Define: Disease of affluence
Term sometimes given to selected diseases (usually non-communicable) and other health conditions which are commonly to be a result of increasing wealth in a society. Such as obesity
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Define: Disease of poverty
Conditions, often communicable, which occur as a direct result of a lack of education, access to adequate nutrition, lack of access to healthcare
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Define: Standard of living
Based on income - the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain group of people in a certain geographic area
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Define: Quality of life
Looking at an individual’s environment, physical and mental health, education, recreation and leisure time and social belonging as well as wealth and employment
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Define: Obesity
The state where a person has too much body fat and a BMI of 30 or more usually due to a high calorie and low exercise lifestyle
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Define: Food security
A reliable food supply that contains sufficient nutritional elements to keep a person healthy
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Define: HALE (health adjusted life expectancy)
measurement developed by WHO. Estimates the number of healthy years an individual is expected to live, subtracted by the number of ill years.
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Define: Morbidity
The frequency of disease, illness, injury and disability within a population
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DEFINE: Mortality
Deaths as a component to population change
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DEFINE: Attack rate
The number of people who contract a disease over a period of time
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DEFINE: Case-mortality rate
Measures severity of a disease.The proportion of reported cases of a specific disease or condition which are fatal within a specific time
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Give two diseases that effect both MEDCs and LEDCs the most
- Coronary heart disease
- Lung disease
(these make up 1/3 or all deaths in the world)
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Give examples of diseases that cause deaths in MEDCs
- Cancer
- Alzheimer's disease
- Type 2 diabetes
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Give examples of diseases that cause deaths in LEDCs
- Diarrhoea
- Malaria
- HIV/AIDS
- TB
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What are perinatal conditions?
- Conditions such as poor maternal health, lack of nutrition and infections that lead to deaths of babies during the first week of life.
- Account for 1 in 5 deaths in LEDCs
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Approximately what percentage of the world's HIV/AIDS is in Sub-Saharan Africa?
60%
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What percentage of deaths in MEDCs are from communicable diseases, such as HIV/AIDS?
23%
(55% in LEDCs)
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What is the average world IMR?
46 per 1000
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What are the four main risk factors affecting morbidity in LEDCs?
- Undernourishment
- The environment (no sanitation, no clean water)
- Poor standards of living (indoor smoke from wood burning etc)
- Social disease such as HIV/AIDS
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What are the main risk factors affecting morbidity in LEDCs?
- Blood pressure
- Physical inactivity
- Leisure activities (smoking and drinking)
- Diet
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What is the worldwide average life expectancy?
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How might life expectancy vary within the same country?
- Wealth and quality of life
- Access to healthcare
- Race or ethnic group
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How many children in the world are malnourished?
200 million
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How many people die from malaria each year?
1.3million +
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Are health services evenly distributed over the world?
- No.
- Even within countries urban areas have much higher numbers of health workers than rural areas
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Which countries have the highest life expectancy?
- Australia, Italy, Japan
- (all have 82 years)
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Which countries have the lowest life expectancy?
Angola, Afghanistan, Nigeria
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Which country has the highest number of doctors per 100,000?
Cuba
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What factors influence infant mortality rate?
- Food and diet
- Quality of and access to health care
- Female quality and status
- Poverty level
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What factors influence life expectancy?
- Stress level
- Health care access and standard
- Living conditions
- Education
- Disease
- Hygiene
- Smoking/drinking/drugs
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What is the epidemiological transition?
A country's health profile changing from infectious or contagious diseases (more commonly found in LEDCs) to degenerative diseases (more commonly found in MEDCs)
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Define: infectious disease
Illness caused by pathogenic micro-organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi which can be spread from one person to another directly or indirectly.
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Which country in the world is it where 1 in 3 adults are obese?
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
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Define: obesity
The state of having an abnormally high level of body fat and a BMI of 30 or more.
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What factors contribute to obesity? (at least 6)
- Environment (food outlets available etc)
- Culture
- Socio-economic status
- Genetics
- Diet
- Physical inactivity
- Lack of education (about risks and diet)
- Medication
- High cost of living vs cheap fast food
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What has the USA tried to do in order to control or reduce obesity?
- Set up The Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Programme which aims to:
- increase physical activity
- increase consumption of fruit and veg
- decrease sugar intake
- decrease television watching
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How many undernourished people are there in Sub-Saharan Africa?
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What is undernourishment linked to?
malnutrition
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What are the origins of undernourishment and malnutrition?
- Poverty
- Ignorance (inadequate education)
- Prejudice (men before women, leaving women with undernourished babies)
- Food, such as protein, too expensive
- Poor quality soil
- Little rainfall
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Does every country, as it is, have the capability of producing sufficient meat for widespread human consumption?
No, only the USA can really do that atm
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What are cycles of misery?
The concept that once a person is stuck in a poor and malnourished state, they will continue to stay there as their health will deteriorate which will further their malnourished state... etc
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How may people get out of poverty/undernourishment/malnutrition?
- Education (which needs to be funded or provided by NGOs such as WHO)
- Introduction of healthcare schemes
- Making efforts to improve equality
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What percentage of the world's population is overweight?
25%
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What are some of the health consequences of obesity? (6)
- Social anxiety
- Arthritis
- Depression
- Infertility
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular disease
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What is a 'food desert'? (MEDC)
- A lack of access to food, particularly foods needed for healthy diet.
- Particularly prominent in poor neighbourhoods
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What are the effects of mass production of food on the environment?
- Waterways can become eutrophied from increased used of pest control and fertilisers
- Animals need antibiotics in order to reduce diesase, the medicine is then eaten and enters the biological system which damages other animals
- More food needs to be transported which leads to an increase of carbon emissions
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In which type of countries is obesity the lowest?
Countries where there is the least differential between the richest and poorest sections of society, such as Japan
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What are the five different types of healthcare approaches?
- Emergent
- Pluralistic
- Insurance/social security
- National health service
- Socialised
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What is an emergent health-care approach?
- Most hospitals in cities
- High numbers of patients to doctors
- Rural areas lack clinics
- National government spending on healthcare is low
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What is a Pluralistic health-care approach?
- Health-care provided by independent doctors
- Consumer pays for everything from appointments to after-care drugs
- People need insurance, although not compulsory
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What is an Insurance/social security health-care approach?
- The one adopted in France, which WHO found to be most effective in world.
- Patients can choose doctors
- Backed by private healthcare schemes
- Patient pays on the spot but is reimbursed to varying degrees
- Expensive, increasing
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What is a 'National health service' health-care approach?
- Provides citizens with equal access to health-care regardless of their ability to pay
- Financed by national government taxation
- NHS in the UK is a case-study
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What is a Socialised health-care approach?
- Found in Cuba
- Aims to monitor citizens, free to them
- Prevention rather than treatment
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What is a TNC?
A company that operates in at least two countries, consisting of a hierarchical structure that expands from very rich CEOs to very poor factory workers.
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What is the average life expectancy for a person in the UK?
81.5 years
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What is globalisation?
Process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected between different political, social and economic components of the world, as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
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What are the characteristics of a TNC?
- A company that works in at least two countries
- usually have a hierarchical structure with the headquarters in the country of origin
- work in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
- Most common in technology, large-volume consumer goods and services (e.g. banking, advertising)
- driving force behind globalisation, only a few areas of the world that are unaffected by TNCs
- tend to be in a collaborative effort with many other countries
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List the positives of TNCs (4)
- They provide employment at every level
- Help global health improve and meet Millenium development goals
- Pay taxes that contribute to the economy
- Growth of TNCs specialising in generic drugs
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What is 'evergreening'?
When TNCs alter a chemical slightly to get a new patent and more money
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List the disadvantages of TNCs (5)
- Costs £50,000 to develop new drug
- Animal testing
- Long developing time (12 years)
- Branded drugs can be 30x more expensive than generic drugs
- Workers in tobacco TNCs absorb nicotine through skin - damaging
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Define: essential drugs
Drugs that satisfy the healthcare needs of the majority of the population and should therefore be available at all times in adequate amounts and in appropriate dosage forms, at a price everyone can afford
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What are CIPLA?
- a TNC
- produced the cheapest antiretroviral drugs for HIV
- Produces affordable cancer drugs (75% cheaper than alternatives)
- Operates a hospice that uses CIPLA products
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How do tobacco TNCs (such as British American Tobacco) appeal to children in LEDCs? (4)
- Selling single stick cigarettes (2p each)
- Advertising through sponsoring music artists and events
- Bias leaflets that subtly advertise smoking
- Colourful posters advertising smoking as 'cool' and 'western'
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What fraction of the children globally are smokers?
One third
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What percentage of smokers start smoking before the age of 18?
90%
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Why are the warning labels on cigarette packets ineffective in LEDCs?
- People may not be able to read them
- Cigarettes are sold as single sticks, which do not warn about health
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What is the global change in cigarette smokers?
- Number of people in the west smoking is going down
- Number of people in developing world is going up
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Are people with a lower or higher economic status more likely to be smokers?
Lower
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What health benefits do higher income people get? (4)
- Able to afford leisure facilities
- Private healthcare
- Better diet
- Better quality housing
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