-
Meninges
protect brain and spinal chord
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Dura mater
outer most layer
-
Archnoid mater
middle layer
-
subarachnoid space contains
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-
Pia mater
inner most layer
-
Separation of circulating blood and the brain ______ fluid (BECF) in the central nervous system (CNS)
extrace
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Borrelia
causes lyme disease and treponema pallidum,
-
treponema pallidum causes
syphilis- bacterial spirochetes that can cross, burrow in blood barrier brain
-
meningitis
inflammation of meninges
-
encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
-
meningoencephalitis
inflammation of brain and meninges
-
Meningitis trasmitted
droplet transmission
-
Meningitis caused by
several different bacteria
-
Neisseria meningitides
causes meningococcal meningitis
-
streptococcus pneumoniae
causes pneumococcal meningitis and pneumonia
-
haemophilus influenzae type b
causes haemophilus meningitis
-
all 3 can cross blood-brain barrier, inflaming the meninges
- Neisseria meningitides
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- haemophilus influenzae type b
-
Bacterial Meningitis symptoms
- fever, headache, stiff neck
- nausea and vomiting
- may progress to convulsions and coma
-
Bacterial Meningitis diagnosed by
gram strain and latex agglutination of CSF- spinal fluid
-
Bacterial Meningitis treatment
cephalosporins, vancomycin
-
Listeriosis
usually manifest itself as meningoencephalitis or septicemia
-
listeriosis caused by
listeria monocytogenes
-
listeriosis transmitted by
- food contaminated with feces
- contaminated animal products like cold cuts and soft cheese
-
Tetanus caused by
Clostridium tetani
-
Tetanus grows in
deep wounds
-
Released from dead cells that block relaxation pathways in muscles
- tetanospasmin
- everything tenses up
-
tetanus prevention
- by vaccination with tetanus toxoid (DTP) and booster (dT)
- toxoid not life long immunity
- artificial passive immunity- giving you antitoxin (antibodies neutralize toxin)
-
Botulism caused by
Clostridium botulinum
-
Botulism intoxication comes from
ingesting botulinal toxin
-
Botulinal toxins
- block release of neurotransmitter, causing flaccid paralysis
- survive in anaerobic environments
- found in can food
-
Botulism prevents
- proper canning
- nitrites prevent endospores germination in sausages
-
Botulism treatment
supportive care and antitoxin
-
Infant botulism
result from C. botulinum growing in intestines
-
Wound botulism
result from growth of C. botulinum in wounds
-
Leprosy also called
Hansen's disease
-
Leprosy caused by
Mycobaterium leprae
-
Leprosy
acid fast rod that grows best at 30C
-
Leprosy grows in
peripheral nerves and skin cells
-
Leprosy transmission
requires prolonged contact with an infected person
-
Tuberculoid (neural) form: leprosy
loss of sensation in skin areas
-
Lepromatous (progressive) form:
- disfiguring nodules over body
- grows in peripheral, not in central
-
Viral meningitis is _____ than bacterial meningitis
milder
-
Viral encephalitis consequences of
primary or secondary infection
-
Some form of encephalitis are due to
herpes V virus
-
Poliomyelitis (polio)
- poliovirus
- destruction of motor cells and paralysis occurs in < 1% of cases
-
Polio transmitted by
ingestion
-
Polio symptoms
sore throat and nausea
-
Polio what may occur
viremia may occur, if persistent virus can enter CNS
-
Polio prevention
- vaccination (enhanced inactivated polio vaccine) - US doesnt use
- oral live can be virulent again
-
Polioviruses multiply in
tonsils, lymph tissues, and the gastrointestinal tract
-
Poliovirus can pass through sometimes
- bloodstream
- can result in paralysis in limbs and trunk
-
Bulbar polio
- viruses infect the medulla
- affects nerves in neck, face, upper torso
-
Rabies transmitted by
animal bites
-
Furious rabies
animals are restless then highly excitable
-
Paralytic rabies
animals seem unaware of surrounding
-
rabies
highest mortality rate of any human disease
-
Post exposure rabies
immunization can be done immediately after exposure
-
Rabies incubation period
6 days to 1 year depending on where bitten, closer to brain, shorter incubation
-
Arboviral encephalitis caused by
Arthropod borne viruses that belong to several families
-
Arboviral encephalitis patients suffer from
- pain in head and neck
- convulsions
- coma
-
Arboviral encephalitis patients who recover
may have paralysis and mental disorder
-
Prion are infected _____
proteins
-
Transmissible spongiform ecephalopathies (TSEs) occur in
humans and other animals
-
Examples of transmissible spongiform ecephalopathies (TSEs)
mad cow disease, sheep scrapie, creutzfeldt-jakob diisease, kuru
-
Death from transmissible spongiform ecephalopathies (TSEs) occurs from
nerve cell death leading to sponge like holes in brair tissue
-
Symptoms of transmissible spongiform ecephalopathies (TSEs)
- dementia
- weakened muscles
- loss of balance
-
Naegleria fowleri
brain eating brain cells , go up nose
-
Naegleria fowleri primary amoebic meningoencephalitis
rare disease
-
Naegleria fowleri protozoa infects
nasal mucosa
-
Naegleria fowleri found in
warm bodies of fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and hot springs
-
Naegleria fowleri works by
amoebae consumes the cells of the brain by means of a unique sucker apparatus extended from their cell surface
-
primary of Naegleria fowleri
headache, fever, nausea, vomiting, and stiff neck
-
Secondary symptoms of Naegleria fowleri
confusion, hallucination, lack of attention, ataxia, and seizures
-
After start of symptoms for Naegleria fowleri disease progresses
3 to 7 days
-
death from Naegleria fowleri occurs
7 to 14
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