All of the following are functions of blood except
B) synthesis of vitamins
What protects the body against blood loss?
B) clots formed by platelets and blood proteins
The two primary components of whole blood are
A) plasma and formed elements
What are the formed elements of blood?
A) erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
The most abundant compound in blood plasma, accounting for about 92% of the total volume, is
D) water
The three major classes of plasma proteins are
D) albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
Immunoglobulins, soluble proteins produced by some of our defense cells to protect the body against pathogens, are also called
B) antibodies
The plasma protein ____________, an essential component of the clotting system, can be converted into long, insoluble strands of fibrin.
B) fibrinogen
All of the following are true of erythrocytes except
B) they have a finite life span averaging only about 60 days
Stacks of erythrocytes called ____________ can pass through blood vessels barely larger than the diameter of a single erythrocyte.
B) rouleaux
Abundant molecules of ____________ give erythrocytes both their color and their ability to transport oxygen.
C) hemoglobin
Projecting from the surface of its plasma membrane, each erythrocyte has numerous molecules called surface antigens, or
C) agglutinogens
In terms of the ABO blood group, which blood type makes a person a "universal recipient?"
D) AB
Individuals with type O blood lack surface antigens A and B, and so their plasma contains
C) both of the above
Unlike those of the ABO blood group, antibodies to the Rh factor are produced only after an ____________ individual is exposed to ____________.
B) Rh negative; Rh positive blood
Which formed elements help initiate an immune response and defend the body against pathogens?
B) leukocytes
Leukocytes exhibit ____________, an attraction to molecules released by damaged cells, dead cells, or pathogens.
D) chemotaxis
Leukocytes are divided into two classes based on the presence or absence of visible organelles called
C) specific granules
The three types of granulocytes, named according to how their granules stain, are
B) neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Although they typically constitute 20-25% of all leukocytes, most ____________ reside in lymphatic tissues rather than blood.
A) lymphocytes
Which of the following is not a characteristic of neutrophils?
C) typically remain in circulation for several weeks to months
Which leukocytes phagocytize allergens and chemically attack parasitic worms?
D) eosinophils
Monocytes are agranulocytes that leave the circulation after a few days to become
D) macrophages
Lymphocytes that manage and direct an immune response, in some cases directly attacking foreign cells and virus-infected cells, are classified as
B) T-lymphocytes
Which of the following phrases does not accurately describe platelets?
A) continually produced in the thymus by progenitor cells
The word root thrombos, as in "thrombocyte," most nearly means
A) clot
"Colony-stimulating factors" that influence the maturation and division of blood stem cells include which of the following?
D) all of the above
Erythrocytes are normally produced at the rate of about 3 million per
A) second
The continual process of producing new formed elements of all kinds is called
B) hemopoiesis
Erythropoiesis occurs in
B) red bone marrow
Serum is the fraction of plasma remaining after the removal of
C) plasma proteins
Salts and protein molecules in blood help prevent excess fluid loss from the plasma by maintaining the proper ____________; this is necessary because water and solutes must be able to "leak" across capillary walls to complete another major function of blood, ____________.
D) osmotic balance; transportation
All types of blood cells arise indirectly from
C) hemocytoblasts
Given that the liver synthesizes most of the plasma proteins, severe liver disorders can be expected to cause
D) all of the above
Myeloid stem cells give rise to three separate lineages of ____________ that differentiate into erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, and ____________.
A) progenitor cells; granulocytes and monocytes
Immature erythrocytes that still have nuclei and are actively synthesizing hemoglobin are called
D) erythroblasts
As the final step in the maturation process, ____________ lose their remaining ribosomes to become erythrocytes.
A) reticulocytes
Athletes temporarily increase their hematocrit without increasing oxygen-carrying capacity whenever they
C) become dehydrated
The heme groups from old erythrocytes are stripped of their iron and eventually recycled into a substance that helps to
D) emulsify fats in the digestive tract
How is hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented in an Rh negative woman who is pregnant with an Rh positive fetus?
B) Administration of special immunoglobulins will prevent the mother from developing Rh antibodies.
The types of ____________ are named for their specific affinities to chemical stains.
C) granulocytes
The most abundant type of circulating leukocyte, which has a multilobed nucleus and cytoplasm packed with pale-staining granules, is the
C) neutrophil
Which leukocyte lacks specific granules, is up to three times the diameter of an erythrocyte, and has a large kidney-shaped or C-shaped nucleus?
D) monocyte
An elevated count of neutrophils in the blood would most likely indicate
D) a chronic bacterial infection
Which two types of cells release histamine (to dilate blood vessels) and heparin (to inhibit clotting)?
D) mast cells and basophils
During an attack of hay fever (or allergic rhinitis), a person could expect to have a higher than normal percentage of circulating
C) eosinophils
The cells that produce the smallest formed elements of the blood are called
D) megakaryocytes
Which sequence correctly lists formed elements in order of increasing abundance in typical blood?
C) leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes
Plasma cells (one type of specialized lymphocyte) and eosinophils work at opposite ends of specific immune responses involving proteins known as
B) immunoglobulins
Filled to capacity after a trip through the capillaries of the lungs, a normal erythrocyte would contain
C) over a billion molecules of oxygen
A general shortage of the only formed elements that retain all of their organelles is called
A) leukopenia
When a leukocyte squeezes between endothelial cells in pursuit of pathogens, its ____________ has triggered its ____________.
D) chemotaxis; diapedesis
It would generally be a mistake for a physician to treat iron deficiency anemia simply by giving the patient iron supplements because
B) most iron deficiency anemias result from chronic blood loss, not dietary deficiency
Ironically, the oxygen deprivation of vital tissues (such as heart attacks or strokes) that can result from ____________ is caused by an excess of oxygen carriers in the blood.
C) polycythemia
Persons with Rh ____________ blood never exhibit Rh ____________.
