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a desert receives less than ( ) of rainfall a year
10 inches
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2 reasons why deserts exist
exist in shadow of a mountain, extreme in temperatures
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wind picking up particles and carrying them away
deflation
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particles that are typically carried in the suspended load of wind
clay and silt
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2 types of crescent shaped sand dunes
barchan, parabolic
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dune that is formed when the wind changes direction often
star
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source of loess
glacial outwash
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area in deserts surrounded from which water doesn't drain
bolson
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gently sloping edges of a bolson, made from alluvial fans
bajada
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gasses that escape from lava
volatiles
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2 gasses that escape from lava
water vapor, carbon dioxide
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igneous texture with no crystals
glassy
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glassy textures occur due to ( ) cooling
extremely rapid
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2 minerals found in granite
biotite mica, potassium feldspar
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2 extrusive mafic rocks
basalt, scoria
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extrusive intermediate rock
rhyolite
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minerals or elements often associated with hypothermal solutions
gold and silver
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high viscosity lava
aa lava
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smooth sided rocks caused by wind abrasion
ventifact
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volcanic bomb
still molten when ejected
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sand sized pyroclastic material
ash
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golf ball sized pyroclastic material
lapilli
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depression at the top of a volcano
crater
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large depression at the top of a volcano
caldera
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smallest type of volcano
cinder cone
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cinder cone volcano made of
cinders
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largest type of volcanos
shield volcanos
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steepness of shield volcanos
least steep
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mt. vesuvius, mt. st. helens, mt fuji
composite cones
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small volcano on the side of larger one
parasitic cone
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area of intensive volcanic activity around edge of Pacific Ocean
Ring of Fire
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common type of plate boundary in Ring of Fire
converged
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volcanism typically occurs at bottom of oceans
spreading center
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columnar jointing occurs because
magma shrinks as it cools
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tabular concordant pluton
laccolith
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discordant means that the pluton is ( ) to existing rock layers
not parallel
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2 places mostly covered by glaciars
Antarctica, Greenland
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ability to bend without breaking
plastic
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surface of a glacier that cannot bend w/o breaking
zone of fracture
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2 types of glacial ablation
melting, calving
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when a glacier picks up a chunk of rock and carries it away
plucking
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glaciated valley
glacial trough
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drowned glacial valley
fjord
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scattered rocks and boulders brought to area by glaciars
erratics
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( ) moraine is first in series of end moraines
terminal moraine
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tear drop shaped mound of glacial material
dromlin
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glacial outwash is composed of
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