Fat and Protein Metabolism

What are the 3 main sources of nutrients?

Fatty acid oxidation and mobilization is regulated where?

What enzyme regulates fatty acid oxidation and mobilization?

What promotes the activation of the HSL enzyme?

What does active HSL enzyme do to triglycerides?

What carries free fatty acids to tissues where they are oxidized for energy in the mitochondrial matrix?

What happens to the resulting glycerol from HSL enzyme hydolysis of triglycerides?

What is the pathway shown below?

True or False: The liver can metabolize ketone bodies.
True False

Why can't the liver metabolize ketone bodies?

What is the caloric value of fat?

What is the caloric value of protein and carbohydrates?

Each mole of palmitate oxidized produces
a net ___ moles of ATP from NADH, FADH2, and acetyl-CoA

What provides more than half of the oxidative energy requirement of the liver, kidneys, heart, and resting skeletal?

As one fatty acid is oxidized ___ pairs of electrons are passed to the reduced energy carriers NADH and FADH2 that act as ____ used in the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation

The following are what kind of amino acids?

glycine, serine, valine, histidine, arginine, cysteine, proline, alanine, glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, asparagine, methionine

How many ketogenic amino acids are there?

Name the ketogenic amino acids.

The transamination of amino acids results in ______   ______ that provide substrates for gluconeogenesis or ketone body production.

____  Amino Acids are converted
to either acetyl-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA.

_______ Amino Acids are converted
to pyruvate or citric acid cycle intermediates

What are the 3 General States of Metabolism?

What are the three major tissues of concern during the metabolic states?

What are the Major Hormones Responsible for Regulating Metabolism?

Name a hormone for feasting.

Name a hormone for fasting.

Name a hormone for fleeing or fighting.

True or False: The main goal of insulin is to lower blood glucose.
True False

What is the overall effect of insulin?

True or False: Weight loss leads to the down-regulation of insulin receptor synthesis.
True False

Insulin primarily does what to enzymes?

True or False: The main goal of glucagon is to increase blood glucose.
True False

The extraction of energy from stored glucose is known as _____ .

Glucose synthesis is known as ____ .

True or False: Glucagon simultaneously stimulates some enzymes and inhibits others.
True False

Glucagon inhibits glycogen synthase from ____  _____ .

Glucagon activates _____  _____  _____ in adipose to mobilize fats for energy.

True or False: Glucagon has no effect in the liver or muscles.
True False

Secretion of epinephrine from the ______ of the adrenal gland is in response to stress, prolonged exercise, hypoglycemia, or trauma.

Glucocorticoids are produced by ______  ______  to help tissues respond to long term metabolic stress.

True or False: Glucocorticoids are considered anti-insulin.
True False

Fasting State begins ____ hours after last meal and can last 4 to 5 days.