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Three sides of fire triangle
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Three methods of heat transfer
- Convection-can be modified by wind
- Radiation
- Conduction-least important
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Three environmental elements affecting fire behavior
- weather-subject to change
- fuel
- topography-most constant
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factors of fuels which affect the start and spread of wild land fire
- horizontal continuity
- vertical arrangement
- size and shape of fuel
- moisture content of fuel
- temperature
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factors that affect fuel moisture content
- wind
- temperature
- precipitation
- relative humidity
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Ways wind can affect fire spread
- dry out fuel
- change direction of spreading fire
- spread flames
- adds oxygen
- speed of flames
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factors of topography which can influence fire ignition and spread
- percent of the slope
- aspect, direction slope is facing
- elevation
- shape of terrain, rolling hills or flat country
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Dangerous conditions that can develop when a fire is burning in a steep narrow canyon
- box canyon
- chimney effect
- entrapment
- flames heat up fuel on other side of canyon
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How long ago did the first fire occur
400 million years
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Four original fire sources
- 1. Lightening
- 2. volcanic rock
- 3. ET impact
- 4. Rock vs. Rock
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What is a fire regime
history of fire in an area over a certain period of time
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Why early hominids burned wild land
- clear land
- have new growth in plants
- get rid of invasive species
- help animals thrive
- germinate plants that need fire to grow
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Earths atmosphere is composed of
- 21% oxygen
- 78% nitrogen
- 1% other
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Anthropogenic
When man first started using fire
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Swidden
Burning slash and fields for agricultural purposes
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Which has a greater surface to volume ratio and why?
Grass
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4 main vegetation fuel types
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Atmospheric layer closest to earth, where weather takes place
- Troposhere
- 10-12 Km or 7-9 miles
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As temperature rises, relative humidity ____?
decreases
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Curfew
- when people were told at a certain time to cover their fire
- comes from a french word
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Boreal forests
forests in the northern hemisphere that make up a lot of vegetation
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4 classifications of fire regimes
- non fire
- understory
- stand replacement
- mixed severity
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How can a fire regime change
as the landscape changes over time, the fuel types can disappear from an area
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Components of a fire regime
- Time: fire return interval
- Fire Behavior: size/intensity
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considerations of a perscribed burn plan
- SSA
- Need approval
- reason for burn
- need a map
- weather prescription
- contingency plan
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PNF different from a controlled burn
- Lightening strike hits (PNF)
- Some were natural fire but one was debris fire that go loose, weather put fire out
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Objective of Cal Fire
keep wild land fires under 10 acres or less 95% of the time
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Backdraft
When a fire is inside a building and you open a door letting in oxygen which causes the fire to blow out the door
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Fire extinguisher classes
- A. ordinary combustibles
- B. Flammable liquids
- C. Charged Electric lines
- D. Flammable metals
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Blowup
smaller that a fire storm and is when a fire intensifies quickly
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Dodge in Mann Gulch Fire
He lit a escape/safety fire in order to create a safe zone
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PRC 4290
roadways, street numbers, water storage
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Pheonix
turns to fire when it gets old and then rebirths from the ashes
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Firestorm
when wind currents are sucked into a fire creating oxygen allowing the fire to increase at a rapid rate
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Backfire
getting ahead of the fire and plowing a fire breaker. Then lighting the edge of the fire breaker on fire in order to fight fire with fire
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Historical wild land or wild land urban interface fires
- Peshtigo fire
- Chicago fire
- Storm King
- Mann Gulch
- Oakland hills
- San Diego
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All risk fire department
department can respond to any call
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Three E's of fire prevention
- Enforcement
- Education
- Engineering
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Motives for Arson
- Revenge
- Crime Concealment
- Vandalism
- Excitement
- Profit
- Extremism
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Visual indicators of extreme fire
- fire wall
- crowning
- rapid spread
- spotting
- whirls
- torching
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Peshtigo was most extreme for
- fuel load
- weather
- human habitation
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Peshtigo Paradigm
example of worst fire storm to learn from
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PRC code 4291
- Space by clearance standards
- 30-100 feet
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Hottest year ever recorded
- 2014
- according to inconvenient truth 2005
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Foehn Winds
gaining heat and going to lower elevation
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Inversion layer
layer that traps heat down
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Fire wars
- Controlled burns that got out of control
- 1910 fire exclusion
- build up of towns
- Yellowstone burned tones of acres controlled burns gone wild
- let the fire burn
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Fire complex
two or more fires under 1 command post
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Flash over
building a fire with no vents and gases are building and lowering as room fills. Once reach pilot light (water heater) whole room catches and flashes over
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Ed Pulaksi
- Chief of crew fighting Big Blowup fire
- saved crew by hiding them in a mine shaft
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Hazard Areas of SLO
- Poly Canyon
- Cuesta Grade
- Bishops Peak
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