Lean Six Sigma.txt

  1. Throughput
    Rate at which system generates money through sales
  2. Continuous Flow Mfg. (CFM)
    • 1. One piece flow at a rate determined by the customer
    • 2. Smooth and un-interrupted flow
  3. Poka-Yoke
    Eliminating possible errors; forgetfulness, misunderstanding, identification, willful errors, lack of standards, indadvertant errors.
  4. Kanban-Pull
    • 1. A method of material control.
    • 2. A kanban card will give permission for the next operation to produce more parts.
  5. Multi-Vari Analysis
    • Chart to track variables like pr., temp, thk, customer complaints, etc at varying intervals.
    • Variations within piece, piece-to-piece and time-to-time can be spotted.
    • USL-Aim-LSL..
  6. Seven Classical Wastes (MUDA)
    • 1. Overproduction
    • 2. Inventory
    • 3. Rework/Rejects
    • 4. Motion
    • 5. Processing
    • 6. Waiting
    • 7. Transport
  7. Andon Board
    • 1. Visual control device - shows current state of production, indicates problems, etc
    • Green - No problems
    • Yellow - Situation needs assistance
    • Red - Pdn. stopped
  8. 5S
    • 1. Seiri - Sort - Get rid of what's not needed. (How often you use it?)
    • 2. Seiton - Set in order - Organize, put in order and make things easy to find and use.
    • 3. Seiso - Shine - Clean, repair and fix.
    • 4. Seiketsu - Standardize - Standardize the new orderliness (checklists, photos, videos, etc)
    • 5. Shitsuke - Sustain - Discipline to follow the new stds.
  9. Affinity Diagram
    • Tool to organize complex info. into logical categories
    • Image Upload 2
  10. A3 Reports
    • Concise summary of a project on a single sheet of paper
    • 1. Uses concise wordings
    • 2. Uses charts to illustrate points
    • 3. Restricts to 3-4 bullets per section
    • 4. Provides substance, not fluff.
  11. Business Case
    • A short summary of the strategic reasons for the project.
    • 1. Design of a new project/process
    • 2. Redesign of existing projects/process
  12. Project Charter - Uses
    • Team is aware of the project goals and boundaries
    • Team will remain focussed on goals
    • Team will work in alignment with the organization's goals
    • Team champion will support the team and their goals
  13. Spagetti Diagram
    • Describing the flow of people, information or material in almost any type of process.
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  14. Pull Value (Value of the Pull System)
    • 1. Cycle time reduction
    • 2. Reduction in finished inventory
    • 3. Reduction in WIP
    • 4. Order stabilization by customers
    • 5. Pricing stabilization
  15. Kano Model/Analysis
    • 1. Dissatisfiers (Basic reqmts., "must be")
    • 2. Satisfiers (variable reqmts., "more is better")
    • 3. Delighters (latent reqmts.)
  16. Critical To Quality (CTQ) tree
    • Focuses on key metrics of customer satisfaction
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  17. Voice of Customer (VOC)
    • Enables the organization to:
    • 1. Make decisions on products and services
    • 2. Identify product features and specs.
    • 3. Focus on improvmenet plans
    • 4. Develop baseline metrics
    • 5. Identify customer satisfaction drivers
  18. Pareto Diagram
    • Prioritize problems based on their frequency of occurance
    • "Vital Few" and "Trivial Many"
    • 20% 80%
  19. Cause and Effect Diagram
    Image Upload 8
  20. Process Capability Studies
    (Results)
    • 1. Do Nothing: Process limits within spec. limits
    • 2. Change Spec: If customer agrees
    • 3. Center the process: If process spread matches spec. spread, but with a shift
    • 4. Reduce Variability: DOE used to find variations
    • 5. Accept the losses: Handle scrap and rework efficiently
  21. Histogram
    • Bar graphs giving the distribution of data, used to find mean, median, std. deviation, etc.
    • Image Upload 10
  22. Sensitivity
    Measure of the smallest change in measurand that can be sensed by the msmt. device
  23. Resolution
    Smallest msmt. change that can be represented by the display of the msmt. device
  24. Repeatability
    • 1. Measure of the ability of the msmt. process to repeatedly get the same results keeping all factors same.
    • 2. Same gage and same operator
  25. Precision
    • 1. Repeatability and reproducibility
    • 2. Describes how close successive msmt. results fall when repeated.
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  26. Reproducibility
    • 1. Measure of ability of msmt. process to obtain same results under varying conditions.
    • 2. Same gage, different operators - gage reproducibility
  27. Bias/Offset
    Systematic difference between 2 successive msmts. of the same thing
  28. Accuracy
    • 1. Degree of closeness of a msmt. to its true value
    • 2. Lack of bias
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  29. Data Coding
    • 1. Too many digits of the measured value
    • 2. Insensitivity due to rounding offs
    • 3. Errors due to entering of large sequence of data by operators. So:
    • Code: Xc = X + C, Decode: X1=Xc1- C and sigma = sigmac
    • Xc = X/f, Decode: X1 = Xc f and sigma = f x sigmac
  30. Measles/Concentration Charts
    • 1. Charts that utilize location data
    • 2. To answer the question 'where'.
  31. Takt Time
    • Takt Time = Available pdn. time / Rate of customer demand
    • It is the beat/rythm of the process.
  32. Six Sigma
    A business mgmt. strategy that seeks to improve the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of errors and variablilty in the processes.
  33. DMAIC
    Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control
  34. DMADV
    Define-Measure-Analyze-Design-Verify
  35. 6σ (Meaning)
    • If one has 6 std. deviations b/w the process mean and the nearest spec. limit, practically no item fails to meet specs. At the max. such a process can have 3.4 defects per million in the long run.
    • Image Upload 16
  36. 5 Whys
    • Root Cause Analysis:
    • Car not starting - Battery Dead - Alternator not working - Belt Broken - Old - No Maintenance
  37. Process Capability
    Tells whether the process is capable of meeting the specs or not. Statistical methods are used to find the mean and std. deviation of the data histogram.
  38. ANOVA
    Analysis of Variance - tells whether the means of two or more groups of data are equal or not.
  39. Gage R&R
    Measure of repeatability and reproducability of msmt.
  40. Regression
    Helps in understanding how the value of the dependent variable changes with variation of any one of the independent variables, while maintaining all others fixed.
  41. Correlation
    • Indicates the strength and direction of a relationship b/w two random variables.
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  42. FMEA
    Analysis of the potential failures within a system for classification by severity.
  43. Contingency Tables
    • Tables used to record and analyze the relationship b/w two or more 'categorical' variables.
    • Image Upload 20
  44. Non-parametric Methods
    • Methods used to conduct hypothesis tests of means of 'non-normal' data.
    • These methods are based on 'Rank Ordering' of the response.
    • Softwares to conducts such tests are: Wilcoxon Sign Ranked test, etc
  45. Sample Size Selection
    Deciding on the number of data samples to be tested to have the results of the statistical analysis within a given confidence interval.
  46. DOE
    Conducting experiments to decide on the relationship b/w a dependent variable and independent variables by having various levels of the independent variables (factors) and monitoring the response of the system.
  47. 4P Model
    Image Upload 22
  48. Push System
    • Initiates pdn. in response to 'anticipated demand'
    • It is a "ready or not, here I come" system. Ex: McDonalds
  49. Pull System
    • Initiates demand in response to 'present demand'.
    • It is a "don't call me, I'll call you" system. Ex: Wendy's
  50. Set-up Time
    The time b/w the 'last good piece' from the previous pdn. run and the 'first good piece' from the new pdn. run.
  51. Six Shopfloor Losses
    • 1. Breakdowns
    • 2. Set-ups and adjustments
    • 3. Idling and minor stoppages
    • 4. Reduced speeds
    • 5. Quality defects and reworks
    • 6. Startup losses
  52. 5 Elements of Pdn
    • 1. Objects of pdn. - the products
    • 2. Agents of pdn. - the people making the products; tools, etc
    • 3. Methods - means by which actions are performed
    • 4. Space - where action is performed
    • 5. Time - how long action takes for completion
  53. Pacemaker Process
    • In supermarket pull systems, customer schedule is sent to only one pdn. process in the door-to-door value stream. This process is called the pacemaker process.
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  54. Supermarket
    • When continuous flow is not possible due to very fast or very slow processes or other logistics issues, then a supermarket pull system is used to eliminate the need to schedule production for the processes that are not linked.
    • Simply put, SM is the installation of a pull system where continuous flow is interrupted and the upstream process must still operate in a batch mode.
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  55. Pitch (VSM term)
    Pitch time might be the time to produce the amount of material typically moved at one time, like one skid of material.
  56. 8D Problem Solving Technique
    • Structured method emphasizing team synergy. "The team as a whole is better and smarter than the quality sum of the individuals.
    • Image Upload 28
  57. 1 Sample T Test
    • a) Used to determine whether a population mean (u) is equal to a hypothesized value.
    • b) Used with continuous data from a single random sample, normally distributed.
  58. Confidence Interval
    • CI is a range of likely values for a population parameter (say u) that is based on the sample data.
    • CI quantifies the precision of the estimate.
  59. Power Analysis
    • Power is the ability of a test to detect a difference when one exists (Probability of rejecting Ho when its false)
    • PA would answer one of these questions:
    • How many samples are needed?
    • Is the sample size good enough?
    • How large a difference can be detected by the test?
    • Are the results trustworthy?
  60. 2 Sample T Test
    • Used to determine whether there is a statistical difference between two population means.
    • Continuous data from 2 independent samples
    • Seperate normality tests for each.
  61. Paired T Test
    • Used to determine whether there is a statistical difference b/w two paired populations.
    • One element in common b/w samples
    • Normality test for diff. b/w samples.
  62. 1-Proportion Test
    • Used to see what proportion of the population has defects.
    • This test determines whether adequate evidence exists that the proportion of events (defects, etc) is different from a hypothesized value.

    NOTE: Success/Reject data (as opposed to continuous msmts.). do not capture detailed info about the sampled parts, sample sizes are commonly large.
  63. 2 Proportions Test
    A test of two proportions determines whether sufficient evidence exists that two proportions are different from one another.
  64. Correlation
    helps to compare two independent msmt systems so that we can eliminate either one if there is a sound correlation.
  65. Simple Regression
    • Helps in knowing how important is X in predicting Y.
    • How would Y vary with X?
  66. One Way Anova Test
    • Generalization of a 2 sample T test.
    • However, more than 2 groups of samples can be analyzed.
    • Comparing means and variances between sample groups.
Author
srikanthvijay
ID
29793
Card Set
Lean Six Sigma.txt
Description
Lean and Six Sigma flashcards
Updated