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Be able to explain what is meant when we say TCA cycle is an amphibolic pathway ) (1+2)
Has both anabolic and catabolic fucntions
-oxidation of macros
-production of precursors for many biosynthetic pathways
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Be able to describe how a protein may become a cho) (8)
-primary structure of pretin are made of strings of aas
-some AAs are capable of becoming pyruvate
-private is gluconeogenic
-pyruvate > OOA
-OOA > malate to get out of mito
-outside of Mito, Malate > OOA
-OOA > PEP
-PEP then goes through the rest of gluconeogenic pathways to become glucose
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Describe how a CHO could become a pro using the reaction where private become oxaloacetate (3)
-private enters mitochondria & becomes OOA
-OOA gets sent to urea cycle
-OOA gets transaminated to become aspartate by glutamate
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Be able to describe how a pro becomes a fat (7)
-primary structure of pro are made of strings of aas
-hydrolyzed peptide bonds releases AAs
-some AAs can become acetyl coa
-acetyl coa can become citrate by pariing with OOA
-Citrate comes out of Mito and splits into acetyl coa and ooa
-Acetyl coa is turned into Maloney coa by carboxylase
-Malonyl coa undergoes fatty acid synthesis then triacylglycerol synthesis
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Understand what makes an amino acid gluconeogenic or ketogenic or both)
Determined by whether their carbon skeletons breaks down to acetyl coa or a gluconeogenic substrate like private, fumarate, a keteoglutarate
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Ratio of AMP: ATP affects AMPK)
- AMPK is activated by high AMP: ATP ratio * low glucose levels
- *it sense low levels when the ratio is like that
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Role of AMPK in metabolism and its effect on Maloney coa) (4)
-activates catabolic pathways to create ATP
-stimulates glycolysis by phosphorylation enzymes that make products that inhibit gluconeogenesis
-stimulate beta oxidation
-increases the migration of GLUT4 to the cell membrane to pull glucose out of the blood
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Role of AMPK in metabolism and its effect on Maloney coa)
- -AMPK inhibits synthesis of Maloney coa so FA area lowed into Mito for beta oxifdation
- *Maloney coa inhibited this and allowed FA to convert into amlonyl coa in cytosol
- **this build up of Maloney coa blocked carnitine shuttle system
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Describe fast-fed cycle, four phases, hormonal signaling and time spend in each stage ) what are 4 pahses
-fed state
-postabsorptive state
-fasting state
-starvation state
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Describe fast-fed cycle, four phases, hormonal signaling and time spend in each stage ) Fed state (2)
-lasts until 3 hers after a meal
-main hormone is insulin
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Describe fast-fed cycle, four phases, hormonal signaling and time spend in each stage ) postabsorptive state (2)
-3-12/18 hours after last meal
-main hormone: glucagon and epinephrine
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Describe fast-fed cycle, four phases, hormonal signaling and time spend in each stage ) fating state (2)
-18 to 2 days after last meal
-glucagon/epinephrine more intense than previous
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Describe fast-fed cycle, four phases, hormonal signaling and time spend in each stage ) starvation state
-fully adapted states that lasts as long as several weeks in which they start burning fat stores to stave off organ proteins
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Describe the sorts of processes stimulated by insulin) (6)
-increase glucose uptake in muscle and lover
-increase glycogen synthesis in liver and muscle
-decrease in glycogen breakdown in liver and msucle
-increase glycolysis, acetyl coa production in muscle and liver
- increase fatty acid synthesis in liver
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Be able to describe some of the things that occur in each of the 4 stages of fest fast cycle) Fed state: (3)
-glucose turned to fat when caloric intake is in excess & glycogen stores full
-storage of fats in adipocytes
-endogenous fat breakdown to get themselves into adipocytes from VLDL/LDL
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Be able to describe some of the things that occur in each of the 4 stages of fest fast cycle) Postabsorptive state : (5)
-3 hers after a meal and we are out of exogenous glucose
-gluconeogenesis begins using lactate from muscles and RBCs
- -alanine from msucel sent to liver to become glucose
- *alanine-glucose cycle
-muscle undergoes its own glycogenolysis for local use
-glycogenolysis major source of glucose
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Be able to describe some of the things that occur in each of the 4 stages of fest fast cycle) Fasting state (6)
-18-48 hers after meal
-hepatic.muscular glycogen gone
-gluconeogenesis is in high gear
-muscle pro major susbtrate for gluconeogenesis
-glucagon increases
-acetyl coa will be transformed to ketones
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Be able to describe some of the things that occur in each of the 4 stages of fest fast cycle) starvation state: (10)
-protein preservation
-does not want to break down vital organs so its burning fat stores
-lipolysis dominates
-ketones makes up 2/3 brain fuel supply
-glycerol main gluconeogenic precursor
-kidney begin glucoenogenses to assits
-eventually ooa is gone, producing ketones bodies only
-one fat gone, body goes after organ proteins
-kidney releases NH3 to balance out ketoacidosis because it is alkaline
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