-
What are the products of photosynthesis?
oxygen & sugar
-
What happens during photosynthesis?
- plants and some other organisms use energy from the sun to convert
- carbon dioxide & water into oxygen & sugar
-
How does photosynthesis benefit heterotrophs?
makes food for them to eat
-
What happens during respiration?
- cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and glucose
- and release the energy they contain
-
The stage of respiration that releases most of the energy in glucose
occurs in the
mitochondria
-
How are photosynthesis and respiration related?
same formulas just opposite
-
Together, respiration and photosynthesis keep the levels of carbon
dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere
a.fairly constant.
b.constantly changing.
c.constantly increasing.
d.constantly decreasing.
A
-
The energy-releasing process that does not require oxygen is
called
a.photosynthesis.
b.respiration.
c.fermentation.
C
-
When is lactic-acid fermentation most likely to occur?
running fast or exercising
-
Explain the process of Mitosis. Know all stages and what occurs in
each stage.
- Prophase – Chromatin in the nucleus condenses to form chromosomes. The parts of centrioles move to opposite
- sides of the nucleus. Spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the
- cell.
- Metaphase – The chromosome line up across the center of the cell. Each chromosome
- attaches to a spindle fiber at its centromere.
- Anaphase – The centromeres split. The 2 chromatids separate. One chromatid is drawn by
- its spindle fiber to one end of the cell. The other chromatid moves to the
- opposite end. The cell stretches out as the opposite ends are pushed apart.
- Telophase – The chromosomes begin to stretch out and lose their rodlike appearance. A new
- nuclear envelope forms around each region of chromosomes.
cell’s nucleus divides into 2 new nucleus – remember cell cycle (the word)
-
What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
- the cell membrane squeezes together around the middle of the cell. The
- cytoplasm pinches into 2 cells. Each daughter cell gets about half of
- the organelles
-
Explain the DNA molecule. What shape is it? What are the nitrogen
base pairs and how do they pair up with each other?
twisted ladder or spiral stair case. Adenine(A)-Thymine(T) Cytosine(C)-Guanine(G)
-
What captures energy from sunlight during photosynthesis?
stomata-Co2 collector Chloraphyll-pigments
-
Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?
yeast – single celled organisms
-
What are chromatids?
each identical rod in a chromosome – identical strands of chromosomes
-
What forms around the chromatids during mitosis?
2 new nuclei form around the chromatid
-
All organic compounds contain the element
carbon
-
Why is water important for a cell?
water helps keep their size and shape. It helps keep the temperature from changing rapidly
-
Active transport
the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy
-
Diffusion
- the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration
- to an area of lower concentration
-
-
Passive transport
the movement of dissolved materials through a cell membrane without using cellular energy
-
Why are enzymes important?
without enzymes, many chemical reactions that are necessary for life would either take too long or not occur at all
-
What are startches? Lipids?
- 1. carbohydrate; many foods made of plants contain this
- 2. energy-rich organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
-
Define compound.
when 2 or more elements combine chemically
-
What did Gregor Mendel do to study different characteristics in his
genetics experiments?
- crossed pea plants – crossed purebred tall pea plants with purebred
- short pea plants
-
Explain Mendel’s experiment in detail. P generation, F1 Generation, F2 generation.
- 1. parent generation. He crossed T with t T-tall t-short
- 2. the offspring form the T and t cross. All the offsprings were tall. TT
- 3. the plants were a mix of tall and short. the shortness trait has reappeared. ¾ of
- the plants were tall and ¼ were short. TTTt
-
Genes
the factors that control a trait
-
Purebreds
offspring of many generations that have been the same trait
-
Recessives
an allele that is hidden when the dominant allele is present
-
Trait
each different form of a characteristic
-
hybrid
2 different alleles for a trait
-
probability
a # that describes how likely it is that an event will occur
-
punnett square
- a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can
- result from a genetic cross
-
genotype
genetic makeup, allele combinations
-
phenotype
physical appearance, visible traits
-
codominance
- a condition in which neither of 2 alleles of a gene is dominant or
- recessive
-
-
mutation
a change in a gene or chromosome
-
allele
different form of a gene
-
-
What does the notation TT, Tt, tt, mean to geneticists?
- TT – dominant homo Tt – dominant
- hetero tt – recessive homo
-
What is the probability of producing a tall pea plant from a
genetic cross between two hybrid tall pea plants?
¾ or 75%
-
If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a
homozygous white guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an
offspring will have black fur?
100%
-
What is the chromosome theory of inheritance?
genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes
-
What did Walter Sutton do?
- discover Theory of Inheritance. grasshoppers – sex cells, half the
- # of chromosomes in body cells
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