BIO93 CHAPTER20

manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products.

degradative enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences.

specific sequence on a DNA strand that is recognized as a "cut site" by a restrictive enzyme.

DNA segment resulting from cutting of DNA by restriction enzyme.

single-stranded end of a double-stranded DNA restriction fragment.

DNA molecule made IN VITRO with segments of different sources.

• -a linking enzyme essential for DNA replication.
• -catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of new DNA fragment to the 5' end of a growing chain.

making an exact genetic copy.

• -making many copies of a gene by making clones of a cell that contains that gene.
• -only bacteria cells that have taken up the plasmid will be able to grow on LB-Amp plates.

small circular piece of DNA that can self-replicate, contains selection gene (Amp), and contains reporter gene (lac z).

a cell's incorporation of genetic material from outside its boundary.

• -analysis of DNA fragments to determine whether they come from a particular individual.
• -compares genetic markers from noncoding regions that show variation between individuals.
• -involves amplification (copying) of markers for analysis.

• (1) DNA ISOLATED.
• (2) DNA OF SELECTED MARKERS AMPLIFIED.
• (3) AMPLIFIED DNA COMPARED.

• -POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION.
• -method of amplifying specific segment of DNA molecule.
• -relies upon a pair of PRIMERS.
• -can amplify DNA from small sample.

short DNA molecules that bind to sequences at each end of the sequence to be copied; used as start point.

• (1) sample is heated to separate DNA strands.
• (2) sample is cooled and primer binds to specific target sequence.
• (3) target sequence is copied with heat-stable DNA polymerase.

separation of DNA based on SIZE.

• (1) DNA sample is placed at one end of porous gel.
• (2) current is applied and DNA molecules move from negative electrode toward positive electrode.
• (3) shorter DNA fragments move through the gel pores faster and travel farther thru the gel.
• (4) DNA fragments appear as bands.
• (5) each band is a collection of DNA molecules of the same length.

it depends on the protein. If it's more negatively charged, the protein would move towards the positive end. If it's more positively charged, it would move more towards the negative end.

• -short tandem repeats: genetic markers used in DNA profiling.
• -STR ANALYSIS compares the lengths of STR sequences at specific regions of the genome.
• -current standard for DNA profiling is to analyze at 13 different STR sites.

• -the DNA fragment produced by restriction enzyme digestion (cutting) of a DNA molecule are sorted by gel electrophoresis.
• -can compare two different alleles of the gene.

the polymerase chain reaction.

• -cells that exist in early embryo that have not yet undergone commitment and can give rise to various kinds of cells.
• -relatively small number of cells in the adult body have similar capacity.
• -stem cells have the capacity to produce more cells of their own type, along with at least one type of specialized daughter cell.

cells from the BLASTOCYST'S inner cell mass that can give rise to all the different cell types in the adult human body.