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What makes up the lymphatic System?
- 1-lymphatic vessels
- 2- spleen
- 3-lymph nodes
- 4-lymph
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What forms the right lymphatic duct?
- The three major vessels
- 1- right jugular
- 2- right subclavian
- 3- right bronchomediastinal trunk
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What are characteristics of specific defenses?
- 1) versatility
- 2) tolerance
- 3) memory
- 4) specificity
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function of lymphatic system?
- 1) produce, maintenance and distribution lymphocytes
- 2) help maintain normal blood volume
- 3) eliminate variations in composition of interstitial fld
- 4) fight infection
- 5) transport lipid from digest. tract
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What do suppressor T Cells do?
depress response of other T cells and B cells
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what activates B cells?
Helper T cells
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What structures are involved in lymphocyte production?
- 1- bone marrow
- 2-thymus tissue
- 3- peripheral lymphoid tissue
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What provides the defense of the body against specific bacteria or virus?
specific immunity
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What does Hematopoiesis produce?
What does Lymphopoiesis produce?
- 1) hematopoiesis produces blood
- 2) lymphopoiesis produces lymphocyte
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What cell is active in immunological surveillance?
Natural Killer (NK)
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Function of Helper T cells?
- 1) promote B cell division
- 2) plasma cell maturation
- 3) antibody production
- 4) stimulate T cell division producing memory T cells
- 5) accelerate maturation of cytotoxic T cell
- 6) attract and stimulate NK cells
- 7) enhance nonspecific defense
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how are Lymph capillaries different then blood capillaries?
- 1- no basement membrane
- 2- diameter larger
- 3- walls of endothelial cells overlap like shingles
- 4- irregular in shape
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cells that are the first line of defense against pathogen?
phagocytes
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Location that lymphatic vessels are NOT located in body?
CNS
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location of largest collection of lymphoid tissue in body?
spleen
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location where stem cells that form T cells are modified?
thymus
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lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of what structure?
thoracic duct
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What cells make up microphages?
neutrophils
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Steps to cell mediated immune response?
- 1) antigen engulfed and presented by macrophage
- 2) undifferentiated T cell w/ specific receptor recognize antigen
- 3) several cycles of mitosis occur
- 4) T cell differentiate into cytotoxic T cell/T memory cell
- 5) Cytotoxic T cell migrate to infection site
- 6) Cytotoxic T cell release perforin and/or lymphotoxin
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what are nonspecific defenses?
- 1- inflammation
- 2- interferons
- 3- physical barriers
- 4- those present at birth
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what cell dominates in the deep cortical region of lymph node?
T cell
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Where does thoracic duct drain lymph from?
- left side of head
- left arm and shoulder
- body regions below diaphragm
- left side of thorax
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macrophages are what type of cells?
monocytes
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what happens during humoral response to antigen?
1-B cells differenciate into plasma cells either immediately or after several rounds of mitosis and then produce plasma cells/memory cells.
2-antibody levels do not peak until 1-2 weeks after initial exposure
3-the first immunoglobulins appear in circulation and are of the IgM type
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What cells work to make specific defenses function?
lymphocytes
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what are some physical barriers to fight pathogens?
- 1- hair
- 2- sebaceous gland
- 3- epithelium
- 4- epidermal surface of skin
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function of lymph node?
- 1- produce antibodies
- 2- monitor content of lymph
- 3- remove debris and pathogen from lymph
- 4- act as a "way station" for cancer cell
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effects of complement system?
- destruction of target cell membrane
- stimulation of inflammation
- opsonization
- chemotaxis
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how are the various classes of immunoglobulins differentiated?
fixed segments
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function of Secondary or anamnestic response of humoral immunity ?
promote an increased susceptibility to immune system failure
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what does inflammation produce?
swelling, redness, heat, pain
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Thymus gland characteristics?
- reaches greatest size during first to second year of life
- undergoes involution after puberty
- produces T cells
- lies behind sternum in anterior mediastinum
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When an antibody attached to an antigen binds with C1 what is the result?
classic pathway of complement fixation
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What are IgG?
immunoglobulins that are single molecules responsible for resistance against virus, bacteria, and bacterial toxins
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stages during bacterial infection?
- 1) neutrophils and NK cells migrate to infection site
- 2) inflammation, lymphokines, and monokines attract phagocytes
- 3) cytotoxic T cell appear
- 4) B cell differentiate and plasma cell increase
- 5) gradual sustained increase in antibodies
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location and lifespan of lymphocyte?
long life span and little time in blood
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Fever?
maintainance of body temp greater then 99 F / 37.2 C
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exposure?
1-exposure is active immunity, you were exposed so now built antibodies to fight it off
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Innate immunity?
genetically determined and present at birth
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IgE?
immunoglobulins attach to mast cells/basophils involved in allergic reactions
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list hormones of immune system?
- 1) interleukins
- 2) interferons
- 3) chemicals regulating phagocytes
- 4) tumor necrosis factors
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functions of lymphocytes?
produce protiens known as antibodies
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what are antibodies effective against?
bacteria/virus
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location where lymphoid stem cells form all types of lymphocytes?
bone marrow
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active immunity?
results from natural exposure to antigen in environment
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IgD?
immunoglobulins found of surface of B cell playing role in regulation of humoral immune response
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function of interleukins?
- 1) increase T cell sensitivity to antigen exposed on macrophage membrane
- 2) stimulate B cell activity, plasma cell formation, antibody production
- 3) stimulate inflammation
- 4) elevate body temp
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locations where lymphocytes can be found?
- tonsil
- spleen
- lymph node
- thymus gland
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where are lymphatic vessels found?
everywhere EXCEPT brain, CNS, and spinal cord
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where is great amounts of lymphoid tissue found?
adult spleen
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where do newborns get immunity from?
antibodies passed from mother across placenta
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IgM?
immunoglobulin composed of 5 single molecules join together and are first antibodies to be produced in response to infection
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large lymphatic nodules located in walls of pharynx?
tonsils
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natural passive immunity?
results from antibiotics that pass placenta from mother to fetus
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how are T cells /B cells activated?
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in cell membrane
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when do class II MHC protiens appear in cell membrane?
only when cell is processing antigens
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IgA?
immunoglobulins found in glandular secretions
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Peyer's Patches?
clusters of lymphatic nodules located beneath epithelial lining of small intestine
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what does body do in active immunization?
body deliberately exposed to antigen
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only antibody to cross placenta?
IgG
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what happens if thymus fails to produce hormone thymosin?
decrease number in cytotoxic T cell
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what happens if antigen binds to antibody?
- neutralization of antigen occurs
- agglutination or preciptation
- complement activation and opsonization
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what areas of spleen contain large numbers of lymphocytes?
white pulp
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what cells are responsible for production of circulating antibodies?
plasma cells
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what are inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens?
allergies
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what changes occur when Histamine increases blood flow and bascular permeability during inflammation?
- 1-redness/heat/swelling of inflamed tissue
- 2-localization of protiens and cells necessary for body defense
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what must happen for a lymphocyte to respond to an antigen?
a specific receptor must bind on lymphocyte membrane
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how are lymphatic organs different from lymphatic tissue?
lymphatic organs are seperated from surrounding tissue by fibrous capsule and lympahtic tissue are not
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cytotoxic T cells?
cellular immunity
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how does stress effect immune response?
- depress immune response
- reduce phagocyte numbers
- inhibit interleukin secretion
- increase level of glucocorticoids
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what is role of accessory cells in immunity?
digest foreign cells/molecules and present antigens
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HIV infects what cells?
helper T cells
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cells responsible for humoral immunity?
B cells
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what changes happen in immune system related to aging?
T cells less responsive to antigen
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Human Leukocyte antigens (HLA) ?
- allow body to differentiate its own cells from foriegn
- bind antigen when present for presentation to lymphocyte
- divide into 2 major classes
- found on all human cells with nucleus
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what is white pulp?
lymphocytes of spleen
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what does a bad sore throat and lymph gland swollen mean?
affected lymph glands contain an increased number of lymphocytes
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medullary cords of lymph node containe what type of cells?
B cell
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difference between virus and parasite?
virus live within cell and destroy host
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nonspecific defense include what?
- skin
- complement
- interferon
- inflammation
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what is stimulated when an antigen is bound to a Class I HLA molecule?
cytotoxic T cell stimulated
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what does complement factor C1 do if activated without bound antibodies?
If there are no bound antibodies it can cause cellular damage
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where are stem cells that will form B cells and NK cells found?
bone marrow
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location of where lymphocytes are produced adn stored?
- tonsils
- lymphoid tissue
- lymphoid organs
- spleen
- thymus
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examples of physical barriers to infection?
- body hair
- epithelium
- secretions
- basement membranes
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what is happening if a blood test shows high levels of pyrogens?
fever
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class II HLA molecules are attached to which cells ONLY?
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lymphocytes that attack foreign cells or body cells infected with virus?
cytotoxic T
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characteristics of lymphatic capillary?
- begin w/ lymphatic network
- smallest lymphatic vessels
- large diameters and thin walls
- lined with endothelial cells
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when is an inflammatory response triggered?
mast cells release histamine, serotonin, and heparin
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when antigen is bound to Class II HLA molecule what is stimulated?
helper T cell
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cells that regulates immune response?
helper T
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location of where lymphatic vessels occur
blood vessels
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If an increase of interleukin II what are results?
increase T Cells
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what would happen if interleukin I is released by active macrophages?
fever
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Do stromal cells produce hormone or cytokine called inerleukin 7 promoting T cells to differentiate?
NO
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Is there anything to seperate lymphoid organs from surrounding tissues?
YES
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lymphatic nodule with germinal center
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lymphatic nodule with germinal center
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where is payers patch located?
sm. intestine
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function of secondary lymphatic organs?
place for immune reactions to occur
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what does spleen filter?
blood
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Name the blood vessel that the right lymphatic duct drains into?
R subclavian vein
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antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by what cells?
plasma cells
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The composition of lymph?
interstitial fld
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pathogens enter the body and multiply
infection
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why would a bedridden person get Edema?
without skeletal muscle contraction to force lymph through lymphatic vessels, fluid tends to accumulate in interstitial spaces
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The thoracic duct empties lymph into what vessel?
L subclavian vein
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cause of swelling r/t inflammation?
movement of fluid out of capillaries due to increased capillary permeability
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is the spleen primary or secondary lymphatic organ?
secondary
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what produces antibodies?
plasma cells
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type and function of T cells
- 1) cytotoxic-shoot chemical to poke holes in foreign body
- 2)helper T cell- help by activation of other cells
- 3) supressor T cell- shut down immune activities
- 4) memory cell- not currently active but remembers to do it again
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Primary lymphatic organs?
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secondary lymphatic organs
- appendix
- payers patch
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsil
- malt
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afferent vessels? efferent vessels?
- afferent- move lymph into lymph node to be filtered
- efferent- take filtered lymph out of node and take to heart
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resistance?
healthy to ward off disease
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alpha interferons? beta interferons?
- alpha- attract and stimulate NK cells
- beta- slow inflammation
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