1. In criminology, differential association theory is classified as a structure theory.
T F
F
change “structure” to “process”
2. The notion of differential identification is proposed by Clifford Shaw.
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change “Shaw” to “D. Glaser”
3. Sutherland argues that learning delinquent behaviors involves a unique set of psychological mechanisms. This is due to the fact that learning delinquent behaviors requires someone to focus his/her attention on the possible reactions of law enforcement agents.
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according to Sutherland, learning non-criminal and/or
criminal behaviors involves the same psychological mechanisms
4. If we use Akers' differential reinforcement theory to distinguish between/among ^reinforcements,' then moving something desirable from a situation {e.g., prohibiting someone from using cell phone) should be defined as a positive punishment.
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F
change “positive” to “negative”
5. According to differential association theory, delinquent people (especially delinquent teens) usually learn techniques of neutralization within primary groups (like peer groups, drug gangs, and so on).
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T
6. According to differential association theory, the course of someone's action is partially determined by someone's definition of the law: either the definition favorable to break the law or the definition unfavorable to violate the law.
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T
7. Social learning theorists argue that the proximate cause of crime/delinquency lies within offenders (i.e., the proximate cause of crime/delinquency comes from biological and/or psychological factors).
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F
change “within” to “outside”
8. When explaining the root cause of crime/delinquency, Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning (SSSL) model seems useless for from the perspective of theory construction, it violates the principle of consistency.
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F
change “consistency” to “parsimony”
9. According to Akers' Social structure and Social Learning model, gang affiliation should be classified as one of the variables of differential social locations.
T F
F
change “differential social location” to “personal
membership”
10. According to Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning model, religious affiliation should be considered a criminogenic condition.
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F
change “criminogenic condition” to “personal
membership”
11. According to Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning model, racial background should be considered a criminogenic condition.
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F
change “criminogenic condition” to “differential
social location”
According to Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning model, ^ patriarchy should be considered a criminogenic condition.
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T
13. According to Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning model, anomie should be considered as one of the variables of differential social organization.
T F
F
change “differential social organization ” to “criminogenic
condition”
14. According to Akers' Social Structure and Social Learning model, gender should be considered a criminogenic condition.
T F
F
change “criminogenic condition” to “differential
social location”
15. The possible outcomes of differential association are determined by four variables: friendship, demeanor, Intelligence, and personality.
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the four variables are frequency, duration,
intensity, and priority
16. The Professional Thief, one of the classic works in criminology, is written by Edwin Sutherland.
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T
17. Differential identification theory can help criminologists understand why some good kids, who have never (or only occasionally) participated in, say, gang activities, become delinquents. In this regard, which of the following may become role models for such kids?
E.
In Akers's Social Structure and Social Learning Model, _______is a criminogenic condition.
a- population heterogeneity
b. earthquake
c. sexism
d. institutionalized discrimination
e. c and d
E
19. In Akers's Social Structure and Social Learning Model, marital status is defined as one of the variables of ________.
C.
20. According to differential association theory, someone may commit delinquent acts/crimes if he/she is expected by his/her friends to break the law. Which of the following is an ideal location for criminologists to observe the dynamics of peer pressure?
C.
21. Which of the following can keep law enforcement agents (who, according to differential association theory, should become delinquents/criminals because of their frequent contacts with delinquents/criminals) from committing delinquent acts/crimes
E.
22. Which of the following is a definition toward, crime?
B.
23. Which of the following is a definition against crime?
C.
24. The three ALaws of Imitation are suggested by ______.
A.
25 . In Akers's Social Structure and Social Learning Model, __________will serve as the immediate context of learning.
C.
Which of the following is NOT a positive reinforcement/reward?
C.
27. __________' s idea inspires Ronald Akers to propose the differential reinforcement theory.
D.
28. Which of the following is NOT a neutralization technique proposed by Sykes and Matza?
B.
Edwin Sutherland contributes greatly to three areas in criminology. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
B.
30. ______theory assumes that humans have no inherent nature. They can be socialized to be various kinds of people.
D.
31. According to Sutherland, the possible outcomes of differential association are determined by four variables: frequency, duration, intensity, and priority. Of those four variables, _________related to Glaser's idea differential identification.
D.
32. According to Sutherland, the possiDie outcomes of differential association are determined by four variables B frequency, duration, intensity, and priority. Of those four variables, ______refers to initial contact with delinquents/criminals.
C.
) 33. The concept of drifting is suggested by _______-.
B.
34. According to life course theory, learning delinquent/criminal behaviors during ______may turn someone into a chronic offender (a low-level chronic or even a high-level chronic).
B.
35. The process of drifting usually has something to do with _______.
C.
36. Which of the following life event might turn adolescence-limiteds into low-level chronics?