Exist between an ion and the partial charge on the end of a polar molecule.
Dipole dipole attractions
Attractions occur when the partial positive end of one polar molecule is near the partial negative end of another polar molecule. Between neutral, polar molecules.
Hydrogen bonding
A type of dipole dipole attraction. Are very strong and can only occur between an electropositive H and O, N, or F.
London dispersion forces
Exist among all molecules, caused by electrons shifting and briefly making a dipole dipole connection.
Weakest to strongest Intermolecular forces
Dispersion→dipole-dipole→hydrogen bonding→
ion-dipole
Phase change from solid to gas
sublimation
phase change from gas to solid
deposition
what are liquids that evaporate readily?
Volatile. The larger the intermolecular forces in the liquid, the lower its vapor pressure and the less volatile it will be.
What vapor pressure is the normal boiling point for most liquids?
1 atm
What is the normal melting point?
The temperature at which solid and liquid coexist at 1 atm
Triple point
The temperature and pressure at which three phases of a substance coexist.
Critical point
Point beyond which liquid and gaseous phases cannot be distinguished.
What is Henry's Law?
The solubility of a gas in any solvent increases as the pressure over the solvent increases.
Sg = kPg
What is the equation for mass percent?
(Mass of solute A / mass of solution) x 100
What is the equation for ppm?
(mass of solute A / mass of solution) x 106
What is the equation for ppb?
(mass of solute A / mass of solution) x 109
What is the equation for mole fraction?
Xa= mol of A / total mol
What is the equation for molarity?
M = mol solute / volume of solution (L)
What is the equation for molality?
m = mol solute / mass of solvent (kg)
What are colligative properties?
Properties of solutions that depend soley on the number of particles of solute and NOT of their chemical identity.
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
freezing point
osmotic pressure
Nonvolatile solution
One that has no measurable vapor pressure
What is Raoult's Law?
Psolvent over solution = XsolventP°solvent
P°solvent = vapor pressure of the pure solvent at the solution temperature