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First Class Levers
- 2 forces are applied on either side of an axis
- Exampe = contraction of triceps at elbow joint
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Second Class Levers
- 2 forces are applied on one side of an axisÂ
- The load/resistance lies between effort force and axis of rotation
- Few examples in the human body (toe raises)
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Third Class Levers
- 2 forces are applied on one side of an axis
- Force/effort lies closer to the axis than the resistance
- Most muscles in the body are 3rd class levers (elbow flexion)
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Convex-Concave Rule Applied to the Spine
- Convex rule applies to the atlanto-occipital joint
- Below the 2nd vertebra, the concave rule applies
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Normal Physiologic End-Feel
- Soft: soft tissue approximation
- Firm: capsular & ligamentous stretching
- Hard: when bone/cartilage meet
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Pathologic End-Feel
- Boggy: edema, joint swelling
- Firm: with decreased elasticity = fibrosis of soft tissue
- Rubbery: muscle spasm
- Empty: loose, then vary hard. Associated with muscle guarding or pt avoiding painful part of range
- Hypermobility: end-feel at later time than opposite side
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Grading of Accessory Joint Movement
- 0 = Ankylosed
- 1 = Considerable hypomobility
- 2 = Slight hypomobility
- 3 = Normal
- 4 = Slight hypermobility
- 5 = Considerable hypermobility
- 6 = Unstable
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