Science B1

A section of DNA giving the instructions for a cell about how to make one kind of protein

The basic structural unit of all living things

Long, thin, threadlike structures in the nucleus of a cell made from a molecule of DNA.

Central structure in a cell containing genetic material. It controls the function and characteristics of the cell.

A large molecule in living things made up of amino acids joined together.

A protein that takes part in the chemical reactions of the body.

An enzyme which is found in saliva and pancreatic juice and helps convert starch into sugars.

A structural protein that makes hair and nails strong, and helps to waterproof the skin.

A protein that provides colour in animal bodies, for example in skin tones.

All the living and non-living factors that surround an organism.

A living thing, made up of tissues, cells and organs.

A structure within a cell that performs a particular function.

The differences between individuals.

The information in an individual organism's genes.

The composite of an individual's observable characteristics.

All the living and non-living factors that surround an organism.

A living thing, made up of tissues, cells and organs.

Differences that can exist as a complete range from one extreme to another, with any value in between being possible. Usually controlled by multiple genes.

Differences that exist only as a number of categories, with no half-way state being possible. Usually controlled by one gene.

A group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring.

A section of DNA giving the instructions for a cell about how to make one kind of protein

The process of making a particular characteristic occur in an organism from the information in it's genes.

An intermediary molecule between DNA and Protein.

An X-shaped structure found inside the nucleus that is made of a single molecule of DNA.

One of a number of different genes that code for the same protein, which have small variations in their structure.

The outward expression of all an organism's characteristics.

The process by which male and female sex cells fuse together, creating a new organism.

The place in a chromosome where a particular gene is found, which may come in several types or alleles.

All of the information in an organism's genes.

A characteristic that is passed down from parent to offspring.

An allele that is expressed as a characteristic in the organism if it is present.

An allele that is not expressed as a characteristic in the organism if a dominant allele is also present.

Two organisms that each contribute half of their genetic information to their offspring through sexual reproduction.

A gene whose coded character can be observed in the phenotype of an organism.

A genetic condition caused by an inherited dominant allele. The symptoms are late onset tremors, memory loss, inability to concentrate and mood changes.

A genetic condition caused by an inherited recessive allele. The symptoms are thick mucus, difficulty breathing, chest infections and difficulty digesting food.

An individual with different alleles present at a particular gene locus.

An individual with the same alleles present at a partucular gene locus.

The probablilty that a particular offspring of two parents will express a genetic disorder.

An indiviudal who does not express a genetic disorder, but does carry the recessive allele for that disorder.

The sex chromosome that, when present, determines that an animal is male.

The sex chromosome that determines that an organism is female, if no other sex chromosomes are present.

The characteristics that occur in mammals of different genders before the onset of puberty.

The characteristics that occur in mammals of different genders after the onset of puberty.

A hormone which stimulates the sexual characteristics of males to develop.

The organs in females which produce the female sex cells, or ova.

The organs in males which produces the male sex cells, or sperm.

Testing a population for a particular allele.

A genetic test that does not detect the presence of an allele.

A genetic test that detects the presence of an allele when it is not in fact present.

Making decisions about the right and wrong way to behave.

Using drugs or a surgical procedure to end a pregnancy.

An individual who carries an recessive allele for a genetic condition, but does not express that condition.

A gene that makes it more likely that an individual will develop a particular condition.

A behaviour that makes it more likely that an individual will develop a particular condition.

Records of an individual's unique genetic code, collected by the police from suspects and crime scenes.

A person who works for an insurance company, using statistics to analyse the risks of certain illnesses occurring.

An individual with different alleles at both gene loci.

An individual with the same alleles present at a partucular gene locus.

Preimplantation Genetic Diagonosis; a procedure where embryos are genetically tested before they are implanted into the mother during after in-vitro fertilisation in assisted reproductive technology.

An enzyme that cuts DNA molecules up into pieces when a specific pattern of the code letters is met.

An individual with an identical genotype to another individual.

An individual with different alleles present at both gene loci.

An individual with the same alleles present at both gene loci.

When the nucleus from an adult body cell is transferred to an empty unfertilised egg cell.

A cell that has undergone a process of differentiation to adapt it to a particular specific function.

Unspecialised, undifferentiated cells that can develop into many other types of cell.

An unspecialised cell that can develop into many, but not all, types of cell.

An unspecialised cell that can develop into any type of cell.

The process by which cells specialise into different forms that suit the specific functions that they perform within the organism.

A cell that can differentiate into all the cell types of an embryo and adult.

A cell that can differentiate into many cell types of the adult, but not into some of the cells from a completely different germ-line.