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What makes an animal, an animal?
- -they're chemoheterotrophs
- -they ingest and digest food
- -they're multicellular eukaryotes
- -no cell walls
- -they have specialized cells (including muscle and nerve cells)
- -they have a blastula embryonic stage
- -they're diverse in morphology
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What are the stages of reproduction and development?
- (1) Fertilization
- (2) Cleavage (cell division)
- (3) Blastula (Hollow ball)
- (4) Gastrulation (cell differentiation)
- (5) Archenteron (pouch formed --> stomach)
- (6) Blastopore opens to outside
- (7) Hox genes regulate other genes important to controlling the development of body form
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What is the CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION?
- -the rapid acceleration of animal diversity
- -earliest fossil appearance of many groups of living animals
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Why did the CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION occur?
- -new prey-predator relationships which helped predators catch prey (locomotion) and prey develop adaptations of defense
- -rise in atmospheric oxygen which provides opportunities for higher metabolism and larger body sizes
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What are the 3 types of BODY SYMMETRY found in animals?
- (1) Asymmetric (sponges)
- (2) Radial (jellies)
- (3) Bilateral (humans)
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What is DIPLOBLASTIC?
two germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm
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What is TRIPLOBLASTIC?
3 germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm
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What are ANIMALS?
Animals are majority TRIPLOBLASTIC with the exception of jellies
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What tissue does the ECTODERM give rise to during development?
skin and central nervous system
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What tissue does the ENDODERM give rise to during development?
digestive tube
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What tissue does the MESODERM give rise to during development?
muscles and other organs
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What are COELOMATES?
animals with a true body cavity; true coelom forms from mesoderm
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What are ACOELOMATES?
animals that lack body cavity
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What are PSEUDOCOELOMATES?
animal whose body cavity is not completely lined by mesoderm
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What is the DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES?
- -the mouth of a protostome is derived from blastopore first, the anus second.
- -the anus of a deuterostome is derived from the blastopore first, the mouth is second.
- -cleavage of protostome is spiral and determinate.
- -cleavage of deuterostome is parallel or perpendicular and indeterminate
- -coelom formation of protostome is from the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm.
- -coelom formation of deuterostome is from the budding of the mesoderm from the archenteron.
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What are INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS?
Subkingdom parazoa and Subkingdom eumetozoa
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What is SUBKINGDOM PARAZOA?
- -invertebrates
- -phylum porifera
- -phylum placazoa
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