Sociology 204 #2

a social position that is within our power to change

the most technologically advanced form of preindustrial society. Members are engaged primarily in the production of food, but they increase their crop yields through technological innovations such as the plow

loss of control over our creative human capacity to produce, separation from the products we make, and isolation from our fellow producers

a social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents or characteristics

a component of formal organization that uses rules and hierarchical ranking to achieve efficiency

the process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency

an approach to the study of formal organization that view workers as being motivated almost entirely by economic rewards

a temporary or permanent alliance geared toward a common goal

a close-knit community, often found in rural areas, in which strong personal bonds unite members

a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values

overzealous conformity to official regulations of a bureaucracy

any number of people with shared norms, values, and goals who interact with one another on a regular basis

a preindustrial society in which people plant seeds and crops rather than merely subsist on available foods

an approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and participation in a bureaucracy and tends to focus on the informal structure of the organization

a preindustrial society in which people rely on whatever foods and fibers are readily available in order to survive

an abstract model of the essential characteristics of a phenomenon

a society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services

a category of people who share a common identity and sense of belonging

the principle that all organizations, even democratic ones, tend to develop into a bureaucracy ruled by an elite few

a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person's general position in society

the process by which the principles of efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control shape organization and decision making in the US and around the world

social cohesion based on shared experiences, knowledge, and skills in which things function more or less the way they always have, with minimal change

Social cohesion based on mutual interdependence in the context of extreme division of labor

a category of people who do not belong or do not fit in

a society whose economic system is engaged primarily in the processing and control of information

a technologically sophisticated, pluralistic, interconnected, globalized society

a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face association and cooperation

any group that individuals use a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior

the situation that occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social statuses held by the same person

the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity

the difficulty that arises when the same social status imposes conflicting demands and expectations

another name for the classical theory of formal organizations

a formal, impersonal group in which there is little social intimacy or mutual understanding

integrated and persistent social networks dedicated to ensuring that society's core needs are met

a reciprocal exchange in which two or more people read, react, and respond to each other

a series of social relationships that links individuals directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people

a set of expected behaviors for people who occupy a given social position or status

the underlying framework of society consisting of the positions people occupy and the relationships between them

the social positions we occupy relative to others

the tendency of workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice potential problems

the act of going along with peers - individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior

a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms

a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties

a school of criminology that argues that criminal behavior is learned through social interactions

behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society

a theory of deviance that holds that violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts

differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups

social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers

• the eight types of crime reported annualy by the FBI in the Uniform Crime Reports:
• murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, ridicule

an approach to deviance that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants while others engaged in the same behavior are not

compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

the work of a group that regulates relations among criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs

the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society

the theory that attributes increases in crime and deviance to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships, and social institutions, such as family, school, church, and local government

another name for labeling theory

a label used to devalue members of certain social groups

Merton's theory of deviance as an adaptation of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both

crime that occurs across multiple national borders

a questionnaire or interview given to a sample of the population to determine whether people have been victims of crime

a term used by sociologists to describe the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services

illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" individuals in the course of business activities

in a legal sense, a process that allows for the transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents

the practice of a man and a woman living together in a sexual relationship without being married

two unrelated adults who have chosen to share a mutually caring relationship, reside together, and agree to be jointly responsible for their dependents, basic living expenses, and other common necessities

an authority pattern in which spouses are regarded as equals

a family in which relatives - such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles - live in the same household as parents and their children

pride in the extended family, expressed through the maintenance of close ties and strong obligations to kinfolk outside the immediate family

a definition of families that focuses on how families provide for the physical, social, and emotional needs of individuals and of society as a whole

the prohibition of sexual relationships between certain culturally specified relatives

the state of being related to others

a sense of virility, personal worth, and pride in one's maleness

a society in which women dominate in family decision making

a married couple and their unmarried children living together

a society in which men dominate in family decision making

a form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time

a family in which only one parent is present to care for the children

a definition of the family based on blood, meaning shared genetic heritage, and law, meaning social recognition and affirmation of the bond including both marriage and adoption

a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below

Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production

an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits

a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile

a group of people who have similar level of economic resources

in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change

a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility

a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility

our tastes, knowledge, attitudes, language, and ways of thinking that we exchange in interaction with others

the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries

a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other servies

the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation

a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that doesn't accurately reflect their objective position

the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank

money received over some period of time

changes in the social position of children relative to their parents

changes in social position within a person's adult life

the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status

the capacity to organize to accomplish some particular goal

the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in a society

Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society, who lack ownership of the means of production

a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole

a system enforced servitude in which some people are owned by others as property

movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another

a measure of class that is based on income, education, occupation, and related variables

people who share the same perceived level of prestige

a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society

the long-term poor who lack training and skills

the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank

the total of all a person's material assets minus debts at a single point in time