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What Is a Skill? 3 characteristics
- 1. Perceiving the relevant environmental features
- 2. Deciding what to do and where and when to do it to achieve the goal
- 3. Producing organized muscular activity to generate movements that achieve the goal
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Motor vs. Cognitive elements
- Motor
- –Emphasis is placed on correct performance.
- –Decision making is minimized, and motor performance is maximized.
- Cognitive
- –Emphasis is placed on what to do.
- –Decision making is maximized, and motor control is minimized
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Using logical deduction, scientists can determine certain __________ a given theory makes. These form the basis of __________, which can be tested in the laboratory
predictions; hypotheses
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Skills are different from movements because
they have an environmental goal
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Variable error (VE) measures
the consistency of error in a block of trials
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Driving a manual car is best described as a ______ skill
serial
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__________ is an example of a tracking task.
- A 400 m sprint
- Dribbling a basketball
- Driving a car
- Cross-country skiing
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The components of stimuli from sources such as vision, audition, and touch are thought to be __________ in the stimulus identification stage.
- separated
- assembled
- chosen
- compartmentalized
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_____________ is the stage of information processing in which a person decides what to do with the information provided.
- Stimulus identification
- Response selection
- Response interpretation
- Response programming
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The interval of elapsed time after a suddenly presented stimulus until the beginning of the response is called the ________
reaction time interval
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The extent to which a stimulus and response are connected in a natural way is called __________.
- stimulus-response compatibility
- population stereotype
- spatial compatibility
- stimulus-response adaptability
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__________ relates to storing and retrieving information about motor skills.
- Procedural memory
- Semantic memory
- Episodic memory
- Absolute memory
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The process of rehearsing information keeps it available in the __________.
- long-term memory
- short-term memory
- short-term sensory store
- motor memory
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According to Hick's Law, choice RT increases a constant amount every time the number of stimulus-response alternatives is __________.
- doubled
- halved
- squared
- tripled
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Anticipation that involves what will happen in the environment is called ____________
spatial anticipation
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Information stored in which memory system is thought to be very abstract?
long-term memory
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Constant Error (CE)
- Average all the scores for each subject
- Interpreted as an overall tendency to underthrow or overthrow the target
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*Stages of Information Processing
- –Stimulus Identification
- –Response Selection
- –Movement Programming
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Stimulus Identification Stage
- The system’s problem is to decide whether a stimulus has been presented and, if so, what it is.
- •It is primarily a sensory stage.
- •The components of stimuli are thought to be assembled in this stage.
- •Patterns of movement are detected.
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Response Selection Stage
- •The system’s problem is deciding what response to make, given the nature of the situation and environment.
- •It is a transition process between sensory input and movement output.
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Movement Programming Stage
- •The system’s problem is organizing the motor system to make the desired movement.
- •Before producing a movement, the system must ready the lower-level mechanisms in the brain stem and spinal cord for action and retrieve and organize a motor program.
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Reaction Time (RT)
- •RT interval is a measure of the accumulated durations of the three stages of processing.
- •Any factor that increases the duration of one or more of these stages will lengthen RT.
- •Why is it important to study in the real world?
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Reaction time influenced by
Number of Stimulus–Response Alternatives
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Stimulus–Response Compatibility
the extent to which the stimulus and the response it evokes are connected in a natural way.
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Population Stereotypes
- It is a type of stimulus–response compatibility.
- •The association of the stimulus and response is likely learned in population stereotypes
- •We sometimes act habitually due to specific cultural learning.
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Parallel Processing
Considering the processes occurring in the stimulus identification stage, some sensory information can be processed in parallel and without much interference—that is, without attention (stroop effect)
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Inattention Blindness
We can miss seemingly obvious features in our environment when we are engaged in attentive visual search (e.g., Simons and Chabris,1999).
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Controlled Processing
deliberate and requires consciousness, slow, serial, attention demanding, voluntary and more prominent during the early stages of learning
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Automaticity = Performance of a skill (or parts of a skill) without requiring attention resources
- Automatic processing is:
- –Fast
- –Parallel (several tasks performed simultaneously)
- –Not attention demanding
- –Often involuntary
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factors that affect that information processing
- Motivation
- Arousal/ Stress
- Expectation
- Experience/Knowledge
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