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Cause/Characteristics of marasmus
- extreme caloric deficiency
- cachexia/loss of subcu fat
- hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension
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Causes/characteristics of Kwashiorkor
- severe protein deficiency (sometimes with calorie deficiency as well)
- pitting edema if BLE, sometimes progresses to BLE and face
- hyperkeratosis/desquamation
- dry/brittle/depigmented hair (flag sign in those with fluctuating nutritional status)
- Decreased T-cell function and cell mediated immunity
- fatty enlarged liver
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scientific name of vitamin C
ascorbic acid
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causes/characteristics of scurvy
- vitC def
- follicular hyperkeratosis/corkscrew-coiled hair/gingival bleeding
- normochromic/normocytic anemia in 75%
- impaired collagen formation (brittle capillaries)
- brittle bones (metaphyseal zone of tubular bones, sternal-rib junction)
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scientific name of vitamin A
retinol
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characteristics of Vit A deficiency
- night blindness
- cloudy, keratinized cornea
- xerophthalmia
- requires parenteral VitA (medical emergency)
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characteristics if VitA excess
- scaly skin
- pseudotumor cerebri
- hepatomegaly
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characteristics of rickets
- poor growth
- hypoCa
- hypoPhos
- tetany
- most often found incidentally on PE without the above
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lab values in rickets
- low Ca (can be normal)
- low phos (can be normal)
- high Alk Phos
- low 25-OH-VitD
- high 1,25-OH-VitD
- high PTH
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scientific name of Vit E
tocopherol
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function of Vit E and result of deficiency
- membrane bound free radical, protects from free radical damage to cells and intercellular structures
- deficiency leads to neuroaxonal degeneration and loss of reflexes
- hemolytic anemia in premie
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scientific name for Vit K
phytonadione
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Vitamin K is necessary for production of what
- prothrombin (Factor II)
- Factor VII
- Factor IX
- Factor X
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Folate deficiency can cause
can be seen in
- macrocytic anemia (#2 nutritional cause of anemia)
- neural tube defects if mom deficient
- seen in children who drink goat's milk
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thiamine deficiency is associated with
- Beriberi (think Ber1Ber1): paresthesias, foot/wrist drop
- Wernike's encephalopathy: ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, confusion
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Riboflavin deficiency is associated with
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Niacin deficiency is associated with
Pellagra: dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea (note the 3 symptoms of B3 def)
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Pyridoxine deficiency is associated with
In infants, seizures that respond to pyridoxine are associated with metabolic defects
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Cobalamin deficiency is associated with
megaloblastic anemia
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Zinc deficiency is associated with
- can be caused by chronic diarrhea
- Zn works on nucleic acid and protein metabolism so defiency affects rapidly growing cells
- patients "don't grow", have diarrhea
- rash, acrodermatitis enteropathica
- hypogeusia (decreased taste)
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Nutrients that likely need to be supplemented in vegan diets
B12, Fe, Ca, Zn
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