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the study of blood flow through blood vessels
hemodynamic
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the fluid in blood
plasma
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cells of fragments of cells are called
formed elements
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red blood cells
erythrocytes
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white blood cells
leukocyte
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most cells you can see are
red blood cells
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shape of red blood cells/
biconcave disk
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red blood cells do not have a
nucleus
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___ blood cells tend to be larger than ___ blood cells
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what happens when you separate blood?
- the heavier part goes on the bottom (RBC)
- plasma is on top
- thin layer in between (buffy coat)
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what does the buffy coat contain?
contains WBC and platelets
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percent of RBC in whole blood
hematocrit
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average percent of hematocrit in humans?
45%
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is hematocrit is below 45% than you are considered?
anemia - 30%
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what helps carry oxygen
hemoglobin
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ATP can not be made
aerobically
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when you have too many RBC (over 50%) blood becomes viscous and is
polycynthermic
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too much RBC makes for poor? which could lead to?
circulation and could lead to a heart attack
-
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what maintains equilibrium btwn 280-295
albumin
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making of RBC
erythropoiesis
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where are RBC made
in bone
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committed cell
designated cell
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goes through rapid mitosis
erythroblast
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immature RBC
reticularcytes
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after 48 hours, reticularcytes become
erythrocytes
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decline in carrying oxygen from decreased RBC
hypoxia
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this leads to hypoxia
anemia
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has receptors that detect when oxygen is low
kidney
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goes to red bone marrow causing RBC to be made
erythropoietin
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how much hemoglobin are in 1 RBC?
thousands
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these are manufactured by erythropoiesis
erythrocytes
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has a ratio of 4:1
oxyhemoglobin
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has a ratio of 3:1
oxygen to hemoglobin
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ratio of 3:1 or lower
cleaoxyhemoglobin
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function of erythrocytes
gas exchange
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structure of erythrocytes?
- polypeptide chains
- quaternary structure
- 4 heme groups
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a green disk in erythrocytes represents
an iron containing heme
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holds an erythrocyte together and binds oxygen
iron
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destruction of erythrocytes takes
3 to 4 months
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where do erythrocytes get trapped
in spleen and are destroyed by macrophages
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lost from body in urine
bilirubin
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where does bilirubin appear
in urine and feces
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engulf damaged blood cells and destroy them into their individual components
macrophages
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when erythrocytes are destroyed what happens to them?
they are broken into amino acids, new RBC and bilirubin
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when the blood gets artificially diluted with fluid is it known as
athletes anemia
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disorder of globin portion of hemoglobin
thalassemia
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when you have thalassemia you have a
higher concentration of CO2 in blood
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have a problem with the heme group on hemoglobin
sickle cell anemia
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when you have sickle cell anemia, the
heme group bursts destroying the structure and blood transfusions are needed
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have more RBC, meaning you can carry more oxygen to perform better
blood doping among athletes
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white blood cells are known as
leukocytes
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the only complete cells
leukocytes
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how do leukocytes move out of blood
by diapedesis
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what is diapedesis
squeezing through pores
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how do WBC move
through tissues by amoeboid motion following a chemical trail
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2 major types of WBC
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
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contain cytoplasmic granules
granulocytes
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3 types of granulocytes
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
-
-
are without cytoplasmic granules
agranulocytes
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Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas (in order of abundance)
- Neutrophils
- Lymphocytes
- Monocytes
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
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pores on surface
fenestrations
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has 3-6 lobes
multilobed nucleus
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characteristics of neutrophils
- multilobed nucleus
- twice the size of RBC
- phagocytose bacteria
- has granules
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engulf bacteria and destroy it
phagocytosis
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characteristics of eosinophils
- bilobed nuclues
- course granules stain deep red to crimson
- twice the size RBC
- spec in nucleus
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this releases digestive enzymes to kill worms
eosinophils
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characteristics of basophils
- course, dark purple granules- so dark you can barely see the outline of nucleus
- twice the size of RBC
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release histamine, attract other WBC to the area and act as an immune response
basophils
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characteristics of lymphocyte
- large, dark purple nucleus that occupies 95% of volume of cell
- about the size of RBC
- act as immune response
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cytoplasm of a lymphocyte looks like a
crescent moon and has not granules
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characteristics of monocytes
- large, dark purple nucleus
- 3x the size of RBC
- largest type of cell
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these leave blood stream acting to phagocytose viruses and bacteria
monocytes
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the nucleus of a monocyte resembles a
kidney and has no granules
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fragments of cells or what used to be megakaryocytes
platelets
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process of blood clotting
hemostasis
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rupture through sinusoid capillaries, large irregular spaces and create platelets
megakaryocutes
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megakaryocytes last for
10 days, age quickly
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do not have a nucleus so that cant make protein
megakaryocytes
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3 phases of hemostasis
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation
- prothrombin activator formed
- conversion into thrombin
- fibrin seals the hole
-
is the vascular spasm phase of hemostasis what happens
vasoconstriction reduces blood flow
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what happens during platelet plug formation phase of hemostasis
platelets swell, and adhere to each other, which is an ex of a beneficial positive feedback mechanism
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what happens during the coagulation phase of hemostasis
blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel
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has glucose attached to it aka agglutinogens
glycoprotein
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what does thrombin convert
fibrinogen to fibrin
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soluble, cant see it
fibrinogen
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comes out of solution and becomes insoluble
fibrin
-
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least common blood type
AB
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if you have no agglutionogens on blood surface than you have what blood type
blood type O
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anything foreign to your body
antigens
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chemicals your body makes against antigens
antibody
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when the same antigen and antibody binds what happens? opposite?
- your body will try to destroy the antigen
- leaves it alone bc body doesn't recognize it
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contains antibodies
plasma
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universal recipeient? universal donor?
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which blood type has no antibodies
AB
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which blood type has both antibodies
O
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people with blood type A have what in their plasm
anti-B
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people with blood type B have what in plasma?
anti- B
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people with blood type AB have what in their plasma
no antibodies
-
people with blood type O have
A and B antibodies in their plasma
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RH (+) means ? RH (-)?
- have more than 1 RH agglutinogen
- have NO agglutinogens
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if you are Rh (-) you can donate to someone who is ____, but if you are rh(+) you cant donate to someone who is ____
-
fluid going through blood vessel aka the study of blood flow
rheology
-
-
the more viscous it was, the
longer it took for the fluid to empty out of the L shaped tube
-
if you double viscosity of blood, it will be reduced to
50% of what is used to be (F= 1/2)
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when donating blood what happens to the antibodies?
they are filtered out
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A, B and O can give to
AB
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A cant give blood to
B or O
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