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Marine
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Hair arises from which type of tissue?
ectoderm
mesoderm
epidermis
dermis
- (hair follicles are hybrid structures but are primarily derived from the epidermis layer of the skin; some contribution from dermis)
- » hair: epidermal proliferations of epidermis (ectoderm) that penetrate underlying dermis (mesoderm)/ downgrowth of epidermis into underlying dermis
- - epidermis arises from ectoderm
- - dermis arises from mesoderm
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Epidermis arises from?
Ectoderm
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Endoderm
Mesenchyme
Neural crest cells
Ectoderm
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Dermis arises from?
Ectoderm
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm
Endoderm
Neural crest cells
Mesenchyme
- Mesenchyme
- Lateral plate mesoderm (limbs and body wall)
- Paraxial mesoderm (back)
- Neural crest cells (face and neck)
(arises from mesenchyme which has 3 sources: lateral plate mesoderm, paraxial mesoderm, neural crest cells)
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When and where does first hair appear?
- End of 3rd month
- Eyebrow and upper lip
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Vernix caseosa functions
- Lubrification of skin
- Protection of skin against macerating action of amniotic fluid
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Vernix caseosa is formed by?
- Secretions from sebaceous glands
- Degenerated epidermal cells and hairs
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Laguno hair function?
- Covers the fetus (First hair that appears in the fetus)
- Anchor vernix caseosa to the fetal skin
(is shed and replaced after birth)
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Congenital absence of hair is called:
Hypertrichosis
Anonychia
Athelia or amastia
Pili torti
Atrichia or alopecia
Atrichia or alopecia
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Excess of hair is called:
Hypertrichosis
Anonychia
Athelia or amastia
Pili torti
Atrichia or alopecia
Hypertrichiosis
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Absence of nipple is called:
Hypertrichosis
Anonychia
Athelia
Amastia
Pili torti
Atrichia or alopecia
Athelia
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Absence of breast is called:
Hypertrichosis
Anonychia
Athelia
Amastia
Pili torti
Atrichia or alopecia
Amastia
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Bent hair is called:
Hypertrichosis
Anonychia
Athelia or amastia
Pili torti
Atrichia or alopecia
Pili torti
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Nail absence is called:
Hypertrichosis
Anonychia
Athelia or amastia
Pili torti
Atrichia or alopecia
Anonychia
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The breast develops along the mammary line/ridge, or the milk line. Which of the following is a possible site for acessory nipples or breasts?
- Cubital fossa or anterior elbow
- Popliteal fossa or behind the knee
- Groin
- Lower lateral neck above clavicle
- Mid-maxillary line at the 5th intercostal space
- Axilla or arm pit
(can appear anywhere along the mammary line- from the axilla or arm pit, through the nipple and into the groin or medial thigh)
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Presence of accessory nipples is called:
Polythelia
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Presence of accessory breasts is called:
Polymastia
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Breasts develop from?
Thickened epidermis of the mammary ridge, as branching ectodermal ingrowths.
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Which of the following is not considered a birthmark?
Angioma
Hemangioma
Port wine stain
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis
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Which of the following is/are considered birthmark?
Angioma
Hemangioma
Port wine stain
Ichthyosis
Aggregations of melanocytes
- Angioma
- Hemangioma
- Port wine stain
- Aggregations of melanocytes
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What is an angioma?
- Birthmark
- Vascular malformations beneath the skin
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What is a port wine stain?
Type of angioma called a hemangioma
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Which of the following is a skin defect involving excess of keratinization, resulting in scaling?
Angioma
Hemangioma
Port wine stain
Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis
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Failure of the brain to grow may result in:
Plagiocephaly
Craniostenosis
Acrocephaly
Scaphocephaly
Microcephaly
Microcephaly (if the brain does not grow neither the skull)
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Premature closure of cranial sutures is called:
Plagiocephaly
Craniostenosis
Acrocephaly
Scaphocephaly
Microcephaly
Craniostenosis
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Early sagittal suture fusion causes:
Plagiocephaly
Craniostenosis
Acrocephaly
Scaphocephaly
Microcephaly
Scaphocephaly or long skull
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Early coronal suture fusion causes:
Plagiocephaly
Craniostenosis
Acrocephaly
Scaphocephaly
Microcephaly
Acrocephaly or tower skull
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Asymmetric suture fusions (skull) cause:
Plagiocephaly
Craniostenosis
Acrocephaly
Scaphocephaly
Microcephaly
Plagiocephaly
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Which of the following is NOT
TRUE concerning skeletal development?
-Membranous bones include the clavicle and the bones of the cranial vault and face.
-During membrane bone formation, no cartilagineous model is formed.
-Endochondral bone formation involves calcification of cartilage, which is later replaced by true bone.
-Membranous bones lacks periosteum
- -> Membranous bones lacks periosteum
- (bone is a living organ; and all bones possess a periosteal cover)
- (Periosteum - one of the tissues that enables bones to remodel according the functional stresses.
- Membrane bone forms within fibrous connective tissue; no cartilaginous anlage or model forms as in endochondral bone formation)
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Lobster claw deformity is characterized by:
Ectrodactyly.
Brachydactyly.
Syndactyly.
Polydactyly.
(Lobster claw deformity involves loss of the middle finger, ectrodactyly (loss of digits), and fusion of the two remaining pairs of digits, syndactyly)
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Loss of digits deformity is called:
Ectrodactyly.
Brachydactyly.
Syndactyly.
Polydactyly.
Ectrodactyly
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Fusion of digits deformity is called:
Ectrodactyly.
Brachydactyly.
Syndactyly.
Polydactyly.
Syndactyly
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Short digits deformity is called:
Ectrodactyly.
Brachydactyly.
Syndactyly.
Polydactyly.
Brachydactyly
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Supernumerary digits deformity is called:
Ectrodactyly.
Brachydatyly.
Syndactyly.
Polydactyly.
Polydactyly
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Klippel-Feil syndrome is characterized by:
Short neck due to small cervical vertebrae.
Low hair line
Tosticollis.
High forehead.
Restricted movements of the head.
Reduction of cervical vertebrae
Fusions of cervical vertebrae
- -Restricted movements of the head.
- -Reduction of cervical vertebrae
- -Fusions of cervical vertebrae
- - Low hair line
(reduction and fusions of cervical vertebrae reduce mobility of the neck)
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Somitomeres, paraxial mesoderm cranial to the somites, give rise to much of the skeletal muscle in the head, EXCEPT:
Extrinsic muscles of the eyes.
Temporalis.
Tongue muscles.
Muscles of facial expression.
Muscles of the larynx.
Muscles of mastication.
- Tongue muscles
- Muscles of the larynx
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Somitomeres, paraxial mesoderm cranial to the somites, provide myotomal tissue for skeletal muscle development to the head. Muscles of somitomere origin include:
Tongue muscles
Extrinsic eye muscles
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of the larynx
Muscles of mastication
- Extrinsic eye muscles
- Muscles of facial expression
- Muscles of mastication (e.g. temporalis)
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Muscles of the head originated from somitic myotomes (somite origin):
Tongue muscles
Extrinsic eye muscles
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of the larynx
Muscles of mastication
- Tonge muscles
- Muscles of the larynx
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The sphenoid bone is derived from which portion of the embryonic skull?
Cartilagineous neurocranium.
Membranous neurocranium.
Cartilagineous viscerocranium.
Membranous viscerocranium.
Cartilagineous neurocranium.
- (in the base of the skull, forms by endochondral ossification)
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Parts of the skull?
- Neurocranium - forms the vault protecting the brain
- Viscerocranium - forms bones of the face
- Cartilagenous- endochondral ossification
- Membranous - intramembranous ossification
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE with respect to the development and growth of bones:
Primary centers of ossification appear before the end of the third month of development.
Almost all secondary ossification centers appear before birth.
Longitudinal growth of a long bone occurs in the areas of the epiphyseal plates.
Membrane bones can be recognized by their typical histological structure.
Membrane bones can be recognized by their typical histological structure.
(after development, membrane bone is not distinctive histologically)
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Primary ossification centers appear at which week? And where?
- 12th week
- Shafts of long bones (diaphysis)
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Where do secondary ossification centers appear? When?
- Epiphysis or ends of long bones
- Postnatally
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Where does occur the growth in length of a long bone?
Epiphysial cartilage plate separating diaphysis and epiphysis
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Achondroplasia is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:
Inferior sexual development.
Short limbs.
Average intelligence.
Broad, flat face.
Undershot jaw.
Inferior sexual development.
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Achondroplasia is characterized by:
Inferior sexual development.
Short limbs.
Average intelligence.
Broad, flat face.
Undershot jaw.
- Short limbs.
- Average intelligence.
- Broad, flat face.
- Undershot jaw.
(Achondroplasia is a disturbance of endochondral ossification during gestation. Therefore, it affects endochondral bones and would not affect intelligence or sexual development)
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Digits which are abnormally short are called:
Syndactyly.
Polydactyly.
Brachydactyly.
Dichuris.
Amelus.
Brachydactyly
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The nerve supply to a muscle can be used as an indicator of:
The time of differentiation of a particular muscle.
The primery germ layer from which a given muscle arise.
The time of myofibril formation in the muscle.
The level of origin and path of migration of the muscle.
The level of origin and path of migration of the muscle.
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Origin of muscle:
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
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The notochord is replaced by the:
Ependyma.
Vertebral column.
Spinal canal.
Dorsal roots.
Spinal cord.
Vertebral column
(as it is replaced it degenerates; all that remains of the notochord in the adult is the nucleus pulposus in the intervertebral discs, surrounded by the sclerotome derived annulus fibrosus)
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Derived from sclerotome:
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus
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Derived from notochord:
Annulus fibrosus
Nucleus pulposus
Nucleus pulposus
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What is of mesodermal origin in the skin?
arrector pill muscles
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Connective tissue of limbs comes from
Lateral plate mesoderm
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