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Radiology chapters 8 and 17
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When evaluating film 4 questions should be asked
1) Film to light/dark
2) Proper penetration
3) Suitable density
4) Appropriate contrast
Collimation means
Boundaries
Positioning means
Animals position (Spine straight)
Underexposed x-ray film is to
Light
Overexposed x-ray film is to
Dark
Inadequate penetration
Film is to light, increase kPv by 10-15%
Overpenetration
Film to to dark, too much kVp
Insufficient film density
Film to light, not enough blackness and density needs to increase, increase mAs by 30-50%
Excessive film density
Film to dark, decrease mAs by 30-50%
High kVp responsible for
Low contrast, film appears overall grey
Low kVp responsible for
High contrast and produced more blacks and whites on film
Primary factor used when evaluating overexposed radiograph
Contrast
For soft tissues what kind of contrast needed
Low contrast
For bones what kind of contrast needed
High contrast
Dorsal
Back of animal
Ventral
Stomach of animal
Medial
Midline of body
Caudal
Bottom half of animal
Cranial
Head of animal
Palmar
Back of front leg
Plantar
Rear side of hind leg
Proximal
Closest to point of origin
Distal
Farthest from point of origin
Superior/Inferior
Upper and lower dental arcades
Lateral
Outwards of the body
Mediolateral
Beam enters limb through medial side and exits on lateral side
Lateromedial
Beam enters limb through lateral side and exits on medial side
Primary goal for positioning of patient
Most suitable posture for animal from which accurate reproduction of the anatomic area can be produced
When positioning animal must consider
1) Welfare of patient
2) Restraint and immobilization of patient
3) Minimize trauma to area of interest
4) Minimize risk of exposure to people assisting
Tool used to measure thickness in cm of area to be radiographed
Caliper
If not sure where to measure then measure the
Thickest area
How many views to take
2
Too much variation in temperature of developer, water and fixer results in
Reticulation
Developer composed of
1) Developing agents
2) Accelerators
3) Preservatives
4) Restrainers
5) Hardeners
6) Solvent
Developer ph
Basic
Ideal temperature for developing film
68 degrees
Rinse bath rinses developer to prevent
Neutralizing the fixer
Fixer 2 purposes
1) Clears unexposed silver
2) Hardens gelatin coating (fixation)
Fixation time is how many times longer than developing time
2 times longer
Fixer composed of
1) Clearing/fixing agents
2) Preservatives
3) Hardeners
4) Acidifiers
5) Buffers
6) Solvent
Darkroom fog caused by
1) White light leaks from door
2) Improper wattage bulb
3) Cracked safelight
4) Improper safelight filter use
5) Safelight to close to counter
6) Improper chemical temperature
7) Improper chemical balance
Author
Kristenw
ID
295202
Card Set
Radiology chapters 8 and 17
Description
Radiology chapters 8 and 17
Updated
2015-04-28T21:48:45Z
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