Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide produced by cells?
Cholesterol
The site of photosynthesis within a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell is the _____?
chloroplast
Denaturing is typically a problem with which of the following?
proteins
A proton is an atomic particle with ______?
positive charge
Where would you expect to find electron transport chains in a prokaryotic cell?
In metabolism, energy that is not used is:
given off as heat
The study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organism's genetic material.
genetics
Entire genetic complement, including both its genes and nucleotide sequences that connect genes to one another.
genome
Specific sequences of nucleotides that code for RNA or polypeptide molecules.
gene
What is a nucleotide composed of?
a nucleoside attached to a phosphate
What does antiparallel with respect to DNA?
5' to 3' runs along side 3' to 5'
Adenine and Thymine are joined together by how may hydrogen bonds?
two
Guanine and cytosine are joined together by how many hydrogen bonds?
three
What is special about Epulopiscium?
giant bacteria that has thousands of identical chromosomes.
Enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis reaction
hydrolase
Enzyme that rearranges atoms within a molecule (neither catabolic nor anabolic)
isomerase
Enzyme that joins two or more chemicals together (anabolic)
ligase or polymerase
Enzyme that splits a chemical into smaller parts without losing water (catabolic)
lyase
Enzyme that transfers electrons or hydrogen atoms from one molecule to another
oxidoreductase
Enzyme that moves a functional group from one molecule to another (may be anabolic)
transferase
What are the three electron carrier molecules, which are derived from vitamins?
NAD+
NADP+
FAD
Involves the transfer of phosphate to ADP from another phosphorylated organic compound.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Energy from redox reactions of respiration is used to attach inorganic phosphate to ADP.
oxidative phosphorylation
Light energy is used to phosphorylate ADP with inorganic phosphate.
photophosphorylation
Name the four carrier molecules:
flavoproteins
ubiquinones
metal-containing proteins
cytochromes
**final e- carrier is Oxygen if organism can tolerate oxygen**
What is removing H2 and adding O2 called?
oxydizing
What is adding H and removing O2 called?
reducing
How many ATP are produced for bacteria?
38
Why are photosynthetic bacteria normally not pathogenic?
they build their own food
chloroplast --> thylakoids --> chlorophyll
just need to know the structure
What is the loss of electron, loss of a hydrogen, and a gain of an oxygen?
Oxidation
Name purines:
Guanine and Cytosine
Name pyrimidines:
Adenine and Thymine
The ________ growth temperature is the temperature at which an organism exhibits the highest growth rate.
optimum
Bacteria that thrive at human body temperatures are classified as ________.
mesophiles
All of the following are used to protect organisms from the toxic by-products of oxygen EXCEPT
protease
The term barophile refers to which of the following growth requirements?
hydrostatic pressure
T/F
Quorum sensing is a process by which bacteria respond to the density of other bacteria in their environment.
true
A(n) ________ is composed of cells that arise from a single colony.
pure culture
The ________ of an enzyme is reached when all active sites have bound substrate molecules.
saturation point
Use of an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor is apart of what metabolic process?
fermentation
know the structure of the enzyme
This type of inhibitor prevents the ability of an enzymes normal substrate to bind.
competitive inhibitor
Allosteric activation
What is Krebs Cycle also known as?
Citric Acid Cycle
Name the two electron carriers of Krebs Cycle:
NADH
FADH
How many ATP are equal to one NADH in Krebs Cycle?
three
Including the transition step, how many carbon dioxide molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle?
three
NADH is converted to ATP in a process known as ___________________.
oxidation phosphorylation
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of aerobic bacteria?
oxygen
Small, lipid-soluble, nonprotein electron carriers are ___________.
ubiquinones
Membrane-bound proteins involved in the electron transport chain that contain a heme group are termed _____________________.
cytochromes
What would be a final electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration?
nitrate and sulfate ion
Acts in a manner similar to oxygen deprivation and blocks cytochrome a3:
cyanide poisoning
What effect does oxygen deprivation have on an aerobic cell?
cant maintain proton gradient
What is the term used to describe ion gradients used to generate ATP called?
chemiosmosis
Swiss cheese is a product of a bacteria that ferments pyruvic acid that produces CO2 and causes wholes in the cheese. Cheddar has a different bacteria.
possible short answer
Why does a fish market smell "fishy"?
Some bacteria use the waste product of fish metabolism called TMAO as the final electron receptor in anaerobic respiration producing TMA which, gives off the fishy smell.
Where would you find the highest concentration of hydrogen ions?
the thylacoid space
The source of electrons in photosynthesis is ________.
photosystem I
What is the end result of the Calvin-Benson cycle?
sugar and water
How many ATPs are required to produce one molecule of glucose?
18
How many cycles of the Calvin-Benson cycle are required to produce 1 molecule of glucose?
2
Coenzymes are called what?
organic factors
Leading strand is synthesized how
5' 3' continuously
Lagging strand is synthesized how
5' 3' in segments
Small molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome:
