-
Define Disease
- Disease is defined as an abnormality of the structure or function of a part, organ, or system.
- List seven categories of disease
- The Seven Categories of disease are:Infection, degenerative diseases, nutritional disorders, metabolic disorders, immune disorders, neoplasms, and psychiatric disorders.
-
List seven predisposing causes of disease
seven predisposing causes of disease are: Age, gender, heredity, living conditions and habits, emotional disturbance, physical and chemical damage, preexisting illness
-
Etiology
is the study of the cause of any disease, or the theory of its origin
-
is the study of the cause of any disease, or the theory of its origin
Etiology
-
Disease terminology: Incidence
the number of any new disease cases appearing in a particular population over a given time period
-
Morbidity
the proportion of a population with a specific disease
-
the proportion of a population with a specific disease
Morbidity
-
the proportion of a population that dies from a given disease
Mortality
-
Mortality
the proportion of a population that dies from a given disease
-
Diseases are classified based on severity and duration. Name them:
- - Acute means relatively severe but usually lasts a short time
- - Chronic disease are less severe but tend to be continuous or reoccurring for long periods
- - Subacute means that is less severe than acute disease, and also doesn�t last as long as anything chronic
-
relatively severe but usually lasts a short time
Acute
-
disease are less severe but tend to be continuous or reoccurring for long periods
chronic
-
less severe than acute disease, and also doesn�t last as long as anything chronic
Subacute
-
disease are without a known cause
idiopathic
-
diseases results from adverse effects of treatment, including drug treatment and surgery
Latrogenic
-
the overall frequency of the disease in any given group. The number of cases in a particular group during a specific period
Prevalence
-
A Disease that can be transmitted from one person to another
communicable
-
Several ways that diseases can be transmitted are through:
- -Direct Contact, such as general touching and sexual activity.
- -Indirect Contact can also transmit microorganisms through touched objects like tables and doorknobs.
- -Vector transmission is transmission of a disease causing organism from one insect or animal to another .
- -The atmosphere can also carry disease causing microorganisms through the air
-
List four types of organisms studied in microbiology
- a. Bacteria are simple single cell organisms. They can grown in many environments and lack a true nucleus and most organelles
- b. Viruses are composed of nucleic acids and protein and can only reproduce inside a living cell- obligate intracellular parasites.
- c. Fungi are very simple, non green, plant like organisms. Single cells forms are yeasts; filamentous forms are molds
- d. Algae are simple aquatic plants and are not parasitic
-
Bacteria is responsible for :
Lyme disease, Gonorrhea, tetnus, anthrax, cholera, and strep throat
-
Viruses are responsible for:
Rubella, Hepatitis B & C, Measles, HIV & AIDS, and Chicken Pox
-
Some Fungal infections are:
ringworm, athlete�s foot, and yeast infections
-
Some protozoan infections are:
Malaria, anopheles, and can be a problem with, round worms, hook worms and flat worms
-
Parasites are categorise as what microbe
Protozoan
-
Define normal flora
Normal Flora are microorganisms that grow on or within our bodies. They are not harmful to us.
-
What is the value of normal flora
they crowd out and prevent the growth of other harmful varieties of organisms.
-
Describe the three types of bacteria according to shape.
- a. Cocci are round bacteria and form into chains like a string of beads
- b. Bacilli are straight slender rods, although some are cigar shaped with rounded ends
- c. Curved rods are rods with a slight curve in them. There are three types of these:
- i. Vibros � look like a comma
- ii. Spirilla �long wavelike bacteria that look like a cork screw
- iii. Spirochetes � look like Spirilla but can wave or twist
-
Disease is believed to play a part in at least how much of all human illnesses
50%
-
Involve degeneration (breaking down) of tissues in any system of the body
Degenerative Diseases
-
List causes of degenerative diseases
- � Hereditary
- � Wear and tear
- � Infection
- � No known causes
-
List Nutritional Disorders
-
� Deficiencies
- � Scurvy � Vitamin C
- � Rickets - Calcium
- - Excesses
- � Alcohol
- � Caloric intake
-
Metabolic Disorders
- � A disturbance in the buildup, breakdown, or excretion of substances
- � Causes
- � Disruption in the reactions of cellular metabolism
- � Hormone imbalance regulate many metabolic activities
- � Hereditary errors of metabolism
-
Immune Disorders
- � Immune deficiencies
- � The decreased ability of the body to fight infection and disease.
- � Hypersensitivity � overactive immune system
- � Allergies
- � Autoimmune disorders
- � Causes
- � Genetic
- � Infection
-
Neoplasms
- � An abnormal and uncontrolled growth of tissues
- � Benign
- � Metastatic
-
Psychiatric Disorders
� A health condition that changes a person�s thinking, feelings, or behavior (or all three) and that causes the person distress and difficulty in functioning
-
List some Predisposing Factors of disease
- � May not cause a disease, but does increase the probability of a person becoming ill
- � Age
- � Gender
- � Heredity
- � Living conditions & habits
- � Emotional disturbance
- � Physical & chemical damage � Injuries & chemical exposure
- � Preexisting illness
-
Epidemic
many people from a certain region acquire a certain disease at the same time
-
Endemic
a disease found to a lesser extent, but continuously in a particular region
-
Pandemic
a disease prevalent throughout the world
-
CDC � Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
- � Established in 1946
- � Works to prevent
- � Spread of infectious disease
- � Control & prevention of chronic disease
- � Protect the public from environmental hazards
-
Treatment of Disease
- � Medical process
- � History, including signs and symptoms
- � Sign � objective evidence
- � Symptoms � subjective evidence
- � Syndrome � a characteristic set of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease; PMS, AIDS
- � Diagnosis � a conclusion as to the nature of the illness
- � Prognosis � prediction of probable outcome of disease
- � Therapy � course of treatment
-
Methods of disease prevention or treatment that can be used along with or instead of allopathic medical practices
Complementary & Alternative Medicine
-
List several forms of Alternative Medicine
- � Naturopathy
- � Chiropractic
- � Acupuncture
- � Biofeedback
- � Herbal medicine
-
Disease Prevention
- Allopathic medicine�s major focus is on treating patients who currently have a disease
- � Wellness movement focuses on preventing the occurrence of disease by promoting health
- � Health � an optimal physical, mental and emotional state of being, not merely the absence of disease
- � Health-promoting practices
- � Massage
- � Diet
- � Exercise
- � Stress management
-
Infectious Disease
- Invasion of the body by disease-producing microorganisms
- � Microorganisms �
- � Aka microbes, germs
- � A tiny living thing too small to be seen by the naked eye
- � Most are harmless, many are beneficial, a few cause illness (are pathogenic)
- � Parasite � a living organism that lives on or in a living host at the host�s expense
- � Pathogen � disease-producing organism
-
List the types of infection
- Infection � pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
- � Local � infection restricted to a small area
- � Systemic � infection throughout the whole body
- � Opportunistic infection � an infection that takes hold because the body has been weakened by disease or injury
-
List the modes of transmission Direct Contact
- � Touching
- � Sexual activity
- � Indirect Contact
- � Touched objects
- � Vector � an insect or animal that transmits a pathogen from one host to another (mosquito)
- � Atmosphere
-
List the portal of entry
- � Skin
- � Respiratory tract
- � Digestive system
- � Urinary system
- � Reproductive system
-
The Common Cold
- 1 billion Americans �catch� a cold every year
- � Leading cause of doctor visits & missed days of work & school
- � Caused by over 200 different types of viruses
- � One sneeze can send hundreds of thousands of particles several feet, where they live for 3-6 hours
- � To prevent
- � Avoid close contact
- � Wash hands
- � Do not touch your face
- � Clean surfaces frequently
-
Microbiology
- Microbiology � the study of organisms
- � Bacteria � single-celled organisms which grow in many environments
- � Viruses- composed of nucleic acids & protein; can only multiply inside of living cells
- � Fungi � plantlike organisms
- � Single celled � yeasts
- � Filamentous - molds
- � Protozoa � single-celled animals
- � Aka parasites
- � Includes worms
-
Microorganisms
- Most are harmless to humans and are essential to all of life on earth
- � Normal flora � population of microorganisms that normally grow on or within our bodies
- � Beneficial
- � If normal flora are destroyed it can cause overgrowth of normally harmless bacteria, rendering them pathogenic
-
Bacteria
- Single celled organisms
- One of the most primitive forms of life on earth
- � Do not have a true nucleus
- � Lack most organelles
- � Classification
-
� Aerobic
� require oxygen to grow
-
� Anaerobic
� grow in the absence of oxygen
-
� Facultative anaerobes � use oxygen if present but are also able to grow without oxygen � e. coli
- � Endospores � resistant forms of bacteria that can tolerate long periods of dryness or other adverse conditions
- � Resistant to ordinary methods of disinfection
- � Particularly dangerous � tetanus, botulism, anthrax
-
How to Bacteria Move?
- �Flagella
- �Pili � short �hairs� that help bacteria to
- glide across solid surfaces & anchor it
- to surfaces
-
More bactreia info
- Largest group of pathogens to humans
- � Can divide every 20 minutes or every 24 hours
- � Cause damage to humans in 2 ways
- � Produce toxins
- � Growing in human tissues
-
Obligate Intracellular Parasites
- Bacteria that are much smaller than normal
- Also include viruses, which are not bacteria
- � They only grow within the cells of their hosts
- � Chlamydia
- � Ricksettia
- � Transmitted through insect bites
- � Rocky Mountain spotted fever
-
Viruses
- Extremely small in comparison to bacteria
- Have some characteristics of living matter but not all Contain genetic material & are able to reproduce
- � Contain only DNA OR RNA
- � Generally made of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat
- � Are not cellular
- � Do not have enzyme systems
- � Can only grow within a host�s cell
-
Classifying Viruses
- Classified according to type of DNA they have Cause many illnesses
- � Common cold
- � Poliomyelitis
- � Hepatitis
- � Chicken pox
- � AIDS
-
Other Agents Smaller than Viruses
- Prions � made solely of proteins
- � Slow growing and hard to destroy
- � Mad cow disease
- � Viroids
- � Composed solely of RNA with no protein coat
- � So far have only been discovered to cause plant diseases
-
Fungi
- � Types
- � Yeast � single celled
- � Molds � long & filamentous
- � Simple plant-like organisms
- � Do not contain chlorophyll
- � Grow in dark, damp places
- � Very few cause diseases
-
Mycotic (Fungal) Infections
- � Can affect skin
- � Ringworm � tinea corporis or capitis
- � Athlete�s Foot
- � Can affect those with compromised immune
- systems
- � Candidiasis
-
Protozoa
- � Single-celled animal-like organisms
- � Amebas � a �blob� that can move
- � Ciliates � tiny hairs propel this organism
- � Flagellates � a tail propels this organism
- � Sporozoa � cannot propel themselves
- � Obligate parasites, unable to grow outside host
- � Carried by mosquitos
- � malaria
-
Parasitic Worms (Helminths)
- � Roundworms
- � Ascaris � intestinal; hard to control & eliminate
- � Pinworm � intestinal; hard to control & eliminate
- � Hookworms � intestinal; suck blood & cause anemia; larvae enter body through foot
- � Trichinea � live in muscles of animals & people;
- enter body through undercooked meat
- � Filaria � live in lymphatic system
- � Flatworms
- � Tapeworms � can be 50 feet long in intestines,
- spread through undercooked meat
- � Flukes � can infect many body parts
-
Microbial Control
- Infectious diseases are increasing
- � Increased population, travel, food processing
- � Public health measures help control microbes
- � Sewage/garbage disposal
- � Water purification
- � Prevention of food contamination
- � Milk pasteurization
-
Aseptic Techniques & Methods
- � Sterilization � kills EVERY living microorganism
- on an object
- � Disinfection � kills all pathogens (except
- spores) but does not necessarily kill harmless
- microbes
- � Antisepsis � pathogens not necessarily killed
- but prevented from multiplying
-
Universal Precautions to Control Infection
- � Healthcare workers MUST use barriers for any contact with moist substances, non-intact skin, & mucous membranes �REGARDLESS of whether or not blood is visible & REGARDLESS of a patient�s diagnosis
- � Soiled linen and trash are treated as contaminated
- � Needles are not recapped after blood draws
- � Handwashing � goal of 100% compliance
-
Handwashing
- � The single most important measure to prevent the spread of infection in ALL settings
- � Gloves are not a substitute for handwashing
-
Antimicrobial Agents
- � Antibiotics
- � Penicillin
- � Danger of opportunistic infections developing due to loss of normal bacteria
- � Danger of resistant strains of pathogens developing
- � Antiviral agents � very few and they have a limited range of effectiveness
- � Viruses mutate rapidly to become resistant
- � Antiviral agents are often used in combinations
|
|