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how much blood does the average human have?
4-6L depending on size
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formed elements make up how many percent of total blood volume?
38-48%
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the liquid portion of the blood plasma makes up how many percent of total volume?
52-62%
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what color is arterial blood and why is it that color?
bright red; contains high end level of O2
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what color is venous blood and why is it that color?
- darker, dull red
- gave much of its O2 in tissue
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which has lower pH level: Venous or Arterial?
Venous because of the presence of CO2
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What is viscosity?
thickness/resistance of flow
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what's blood viscosity compared to water?
3x-5x thicker
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the viscosity of blood is increased by presence of?
blood cells and plasma protein
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what does viscosity contribute to in the human body?
BP
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this is the liquid part of blood and is approximately 91% water?
Plasma
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plasma is important for transporting these types of substances?
nutrients, waste products, hormones, antibodies, and CO2 in the form of HCO3-
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the clotting factors that are synthesized by the liver and circulate until activated to form a clot in a ruptured or damaged blood vessel are?
prothrombin, fibrinogen, albumin
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most abundant plasma protein; pull tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume; synthesized by liver
albumin
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blood cells are produced from stem cells called?
hemopoietic tissue.
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where is RBM formed?
flat and irregular bones (sternum, hipbone, vertebrae)
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where are lymphatic tissues found?
spleen, lymph nodes, thymus glands
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what is the function of RBC?
carry oxygen bonded to iron in hemoglobin
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hemoglobin protein is also able to bond to _____, besides Oxygen.
CO2
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hemoglobin protein accounts for how many percent of CO2 transport?
10%
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RBC live for approximately how many days?
120 days.
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Damaged cells are removed from circulation by?
the tissue macrophage system
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what cannot be recycled and is a waste product of hemoglobin molecule?
Heme
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heme is converted to bilirubin by?
macrophages
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what is the extrinsic factor?
external source (food), vitamin B12
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what is extrinsic factor needed for?
DNA synthesis in stem cells.
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parietal cells of the stomach lining produce?
intrinsic factor
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what is the intrinsic factor?
chemical that combines with b12 in food to prevent its digestion and promote it's absorption in small intestine.
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a deficiency of either vitamin b12/the intrinsic factor results in?
prenicious anemia
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This general function is to protect the body from pathogens and to provide immunity to certain infectious disease.
WBC
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5 kinds of WBC are in two groups called?
Granular & Agranular
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The most abundant phagocytes?
Neutrophils
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detoxify foreign proteins, important in allergic and parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
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contains heparin to prevent abnormal blood clotting, contains histamine which cause inflammation?
basophils.
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helps recognize foreign antigens?
T Lymphocytes
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become macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue?
monocytes
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the 4 blood types in ABO group?
A, B, AB, O
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A person with type A blood has?
has "A" antigens on RBC
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A person with blood type AB has?
has both A & B antigens present
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A person with blood type O has?
neither A nor B antigens present.
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The antibodies present in plasma blood type A?
Anti-B
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The antibodies present in plasma blood types AB?
neither anti-B or anti-B
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the antibodies present in plasma blood type O?
both anti-A and anti-B
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Another RBC antigen often called "D"?
Rh factor
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A person who is Rh _____ has this antigen on the RBC?
Positive
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A person who is Rh _____ doesn't have this antigen on RBC?
Negative
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Are anti-Rh antibodies naturally present in plasma of a person who is Rh negative?
No.
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How can an Rh negative person get Rh positive antibodies?
Blood transfusion.
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what is the function of platelets?
prevention of blood loss (hemostasis)
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what are the 3 mechanism of hemostasis?
vascular spasms, platelet plugs, chemical clotting
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the mechanism of homeostasis necessary in large vessels that are ruptured or cut?
vascular spams
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what tissue in arteries and veins permits them to constrict in vascular spasms?
smooth muscle
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tissue contract is response to ______ released by platelets or to damaged cause when vessel rupture
serotonin
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the only effective mechanism of hemostasis for rupture of capillaries?
platelet plugs
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the rough surface of a ruptured capillary causes platelets to stick to edges and form a mechanical barrier over the opening.
platelet plugs
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once a clot has accomplished it's function, it is dissolved in a process called?
fibronolysis
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abnormal clot in an intact vessel is?
thrombus
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the term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel is?
embolism
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a person with type AB blood has?
A and B antigens on RBC & neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies in plasma.
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plasma protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries?
albumin
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WBC that recognize foreign antigens and produce antibodies are?
lymphocytes
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when old RBC are destroyed, the waste produce _____ is formed and excreted by _____.
Bilirubin/ in bile.
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What does RBM produce?
All types of Blood cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
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Plasma makes up _____ % total blood and _____% water
52-62% / 91%
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extrinsic factor needed for DNA synthesis in RBM is?
Vitamin B12
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oxygen-carring protein of RBC is?
hemoglobin
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blood clot is made of?
Fibrin
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mineral needed for chemical clotting?
calcium
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a large artery that is cut can contract in vascular spasm because it's wall contains?
smooth muscle
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lymphatic tissue is not found in?
liver.
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hematocrit is a measure of?
% RBC in total blood
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Rh factor is an antigen found on?
RBC of people who are Rh positive
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in chemical clotting, fibrinogen is split to fibrin by?
thrombis.
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The WBC that carry our most phagocytosis of pathogen are?
monocytes and neutrophils
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the outer most layer is called ____ and is made of _____ .
Fibrous / Fibrous CT.
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the serious membrane that lines the fibrous pericardium is called the _____ pericardium.
parietal
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the serous membrane that is on the surface of the heart muscle is called?
Visceral pericardium
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the term systole means?
contraction
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the term diastole means?
relaxation
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the natural pacemaker of the heart; in the wall of R-atrium?
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located lower interatrial septum.
AV node (atrioventricular)
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In the upper intermentricular septum?
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extend through the interventricular septum?
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to the rest of the myocardium of the ventricle?
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the vital signs that is a measure of HR?
Pulse
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The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in one beat
stroke volume
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stroke volume forumla?
- Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume x HR
- (C.O.) = [(S.V.)(H.R.)]
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during once cardiac cycle:
the atria contract first, followed by contraction of the ventricles.
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backflow of blood from the ventricles to the atria is prevented by?
- mitral and tricuspid valve
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each normal HB is initiated by?
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backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles is prevented by?
- aortic and pulmonary semilunar valve.
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The hearts location?
medial to lungs/ superior to diapharm
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purpose of coronary vessel?
supply heart with oxygenated blood.
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chambers of the heart receive blood from veins are?
R and L atria
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the endocardium lines the chambers of the heart and?
is smooth to prevent abnormal clotting withing the heart.
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amount of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 min?
cardiac output
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normal heart sounds cause by?
closure of the valves
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changes in BP are detected by?
pressoreceptors in carotid and aortic sinuses
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a heart rate below 60 bpm is called?
- bradycardia
- greater than 60?
- tachycardia
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The first part of the cardiac conduction pathway in the ventricles is the?
Bundle of His
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Blood flow through the heart patients right
Superior/inferior vena cava ⇨ R Atrium ⇨ Tricuspid ⇨ R Ventricle ⇨ Pulmonary semilunar valve ⇨ Pulmonary Arteries ⇨ Lungs
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Blood flow through the heart patients Left
Pulmonary Veins ⇨ L Atrium ⇨ Bicuspid (mitral valve) ⇨ L ventricle ⇨ aortic semilunar valve ⇨ aorta
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