BIBC 120 Science of Nutrition

Needed for energy or for synthesis and/or function of biomolecules

carbohydrates, proteins, water, lipids, vitamins, minerals

Cannot be synthesized in body, must be consumed in diet

Can be synthesized in body.

Nutrients can be synthesized in body but may be inadequate.

Bulk of the diet (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, water)

needed in less than a few milligrams a day (minerals and vitamins)

derived from plants and animals, respectively, that may confer some health benefits but not considered nutrients

ex. Resveratrol found in red wine is thought to reduce chances of cancer

1 calorie is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius.

1000 calories = 1 kcal = 1 Calorie

16% of the world is undernourished, may include insufficient calorie intake or deficiency in nutrients

ex. Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness

Associated with low-level physical activity and consumption of cheap, high-energy foods

Type 2 diabetes (11% of US population)

Set nutrition requirements

Set guidelines

Regulate food labeling

bracketed for age, sex, pregnancy

Used to examine likelihood that intake is adequate in a population

Used as a goal to help ensure adequate intake in an individual

vitamins, minerals, proteins: % of how much you need

Used to examine likelihood that intake is adequate when no RDA is set for a nutrient

Used to determine likelihood of excess or toxicity

fats, cholesterol, sodium, carbs: % you don't want to go above

kcal that should be consumed per day

Percent of total kcal (EER) that should be (for adults)

• 45-65% - Carbs
• 10-35% - Protein
• 20-35% - Fats

• 1. Cal/serving
• 2. serving size
• 3. percent daily value for 2000 Cal
• 4. ingredients (descending order of abundance)
• 5. footnotes

• - update serving sizes
• - include "added sugars"
• - greater emphasis on energy balance; less emphasis on Calories from total fat

• - Describe amount of nutrient or Calories per serving
• - Pre-established by FDA based on fixed standards
• - Foods and dietary supplements

ex. Fat free, low fat, etc.

Health claims are claims about how product may affect risk for disease or health related conditions

regular or qualified

• - Supported by considerable scientific evidence—standard is “significant scientific agreement”
• - Are pre-approved by FDA or authorized by governmental scientific body (NAS)
• - Pre-approved claims may be used with dietary supplements

• Much lower standard of evidence—some credible evidence but does not meet the “significant scientific agreement” standard
• Requires petition to FDA
• Must be accompanied by qualifying statement
• Allowed for both regular foods and dietary supplements

• - Statement of the role that nutrient is known to play in normal metabolism and physiology
• - Cannot link nutrient to overall health or decreased susceptibility to disease
• - Not pre-approved by FDA but must be truthful
• - FDA requires disclaimer when these claims are made on dietary supplement labels, stating that “the FDA has not evaluated the claim and the product is not intended to …. prevent any disease, etc.”