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When was writing developed in Egypt?
3000BC
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When was the Cult of Asclepius popular?
400BC
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When was the Hippocratic Corpus?
420-350BC
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When was the birth of Galen?
129AD
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When was the fall of Rome?
476AD
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When was the synod of Whitby?
663AD
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When was the life of Avicenna?
980-1037AD
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When was the Black Death?
1348AD
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When was printing developed in Europe?
1454
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When was the founding of the royal society?
1660
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When was inoculation introduced in Britain?
1720
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When was the first vaccination?
1796
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When did Cholera hit Britain?
1831
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When did Chadwick report?
1842
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When were Ether and Chloroform in use?
1846/7
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When was the 1st public health act?
1848
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When was cholera linked to water pollution (John Snow)?
1854
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When was the germ theory (Louis Pasteur)?
1857
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When was the public health act?
1875
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When was antiseptic in general use?
1890
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When were the first Xrays?
1895
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When did Bequerel discover radioactivity?
1896
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When were blood groups discovered?
1900
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When were the liberal reforms?
1906
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When was penicillin discovered (Alexander Fleming)?
1928
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When was the Second World War?
1939-45
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When was the first kidney transplant?
1951
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When was the structure of DNA identified?
1953
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When was the pill discovered?
Late 1950s
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When was AIDS discovered?
1981
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When was Imhotep?
2600s BC
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When was Pythagoras?
500s BC
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When was Hippocrates?
460-377 BC
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When was Aristotle?
384-322 BC
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When was Galen?
129-199 AD
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When was Avicenna?
980-1037
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When was Vesalius?
1514-1564
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When was Harvey?
1578-1657
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When was Lady Montagu?
1689-1762
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When was Jenner?
1749-1823
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When was Pasteur?
1822-1895
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When was Nightingale?
1820-1910
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When was Lister?
1827-1912
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When was Garrett Anderson?
1836-1917
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When was Becquerel?
1852-1908
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When was Marie Curie?
1867-1934
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When was Beveridge?
1879-1963
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When was Fleming?
1881-1955
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When was Bevan?
1897-1960
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When was Crick?
1916-2004
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When was Watson?
1928-present
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When was Barnard?
1922-2001
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What is defined as pre-history?
The time before written records.
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When did Britain's pre-history end?
- 43 AD
- Thanks to the Romans
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What can archaeology tell us about prehistoric people?
- Cave paintings and other prehistoric artwork suggest they believed in a spiritual world
- It is likely their explanations would be based on evil spirits
- Their cures would have been spiritual or religious
- Archaeology tells us our prehistoric ancestors were nomadic hunter-gatherers
- Lived in small extended family groups and followed game
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What would the progress in Pre-Historic medicine have been like?
- Slow
- Infrequency of mass gatherings and lack of writing would have affected it
- Excavations of ancient burials tell us their attitudes to human remains
- Some cultures moved the remains around with them and may have brought them out for ceremonial processes
- Fine and delicate stone tools have been found (often made of flint and obsidian) which show some surgery was feesable
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How can Aboriginal cultures tell us about Pre-Historic medicine?
- Ancient artifacts and artwork often similar to modern aboriginal creations
- Some modern aboriginal medicine combines basic practical methods like setting broken bones with clay and bandaging with spiritual explanations of illness and cure
- Witch doctors, shamans and medicine men were credited with treating the sick
- Rituals and sacrifice often involved with preventing and dealing with medicine
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What is archaeopathology?
- The study of ancient disease
- The study of ancient bodies to see what diseases and health problems they had, how they were treated, and how the people died
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What are the limitations of archaeopathology?
- Most pre-historic bodies have decayed to just bones or even further
- You wouldn't be able to tell if someone had died from a heart attack
- You wouldn't be able to tell if someone had surgery on soft tissue
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How can we use archaeopathology on per-historic bodies?
- Some bodies, preserved in ice, peat bogs or by mummification still have soft tissues remaining
- They are able to tell us about prehistoric health and medicine
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What is trepanning?
- The cutting of holes in the head
- Skulls can show people survived the operation because the bone had started to grow again
- May have been to allow evil spirits out
- May have been to grant special powers of communication with the spirit world
- Modern evidence that trepanning can lead to altered mental sensations
- Can be done by doctors when head injuries lead to a build up of pressure inside the skull
- Ancient trepanning could have been done for medical reasons
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How did the Ancient Egyptians rely on the River Nile?
- Every year the nile fertilised the fields and the river provided water for irrigation
- Barges on the nile enabled fairly swift transportation and communication making trade and government easier
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When was the Ancient Egyptian period?
3400-30 BC
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Who ruled the Ancient Egyptian world?
- The Gods
- Amulets, charms and rituals were used to avoid and cure illness
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Who was Sehkmet?
- The Goddess of War
- She sent and cured epidemics
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Who was Thoth?
- God
- Gave doctors the ability to cure
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Who was Imhotep?
- Pharaoh Zoser's doctor in about 2630 BC
- Adopted as the God of healing
- Doctors were respected people
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What was The Book of Thoth?
- Contained the accepted treatments and spells
- The book hasn't survived but papyrus with spells, potions and procedures do. These were probably taken from The Book of Thoth
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What is opium?
- A drug used in Egyptian times
- Still used today
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How did Egyptians figure out what was wrong with them?
- They diagnosed
- Diagnosis means the observation of a patient and the recognition of their symptoms
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What was mummification?
- Preserving the dead bodies
- The Egyptians believed the human body would be needed in the afterlife
- They extracted the soft organs (e.g. brain and intestines)
- Then they dried what remained with salt - this gave them some knowledge of anatomy
- They believed that destroying someone's body meant they wouldn't go to the afterlife - therefore no experimental dissection
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How did Egyptians use willow?
- Papyrus outlines some of the small surgical procedures they performed
- They used willow after surgery and to treat wounds
- It contains salicylic acid (a mild antiseptic and the original source of aspirin)
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How did the Egyptians link The River Nile and medicine?
- They likened the channels in the river to channels in our bodies
- They thought if one of the channels was blocked, it could lead to disease
- To clear the channels/heal they vomited, purged, and bled
- Was not believed by everyone and did not replace spiritual beliefs
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What were the Egyptian views on diet?
- They knew it was important
- Medical procedures included recommended food
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What were the Egyptian views on cleanliness?
- They valued it
- They bathed, shaved their heads and had toilets
- They changed their clothes regularly
- Made life more comfortable (due to the climate)
- Also had religious significance
- Priests often washed more than others and would have shaved their whole bodies before ceremonies
- Egyptian toilets have been found - no sewage system so would have had to be emptied manually
- Developed mosquito nets, which would have helped malaria (although this was not the point)
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Who were the ancient Greek?
- Not necessarily just people who lived in Greece
- People who lived the way the ancient Greek did
- Ancient Greek culture
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What was the Greek civilisation made up of?
Independent city states around the shores of the Mediterranean and Black Sea
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When did Greek culture flourish?
Around 700 and 300 BC
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Who influenced the Ancient Greek medicine?
Egyptians
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Who did the Greek believe ruled the world?
- Many Gods
- Told and wrote down heroic tales (myths) about people, Gods and monsters
- They also loved to debate
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What were the systems of medicine in the Greek period?
- One was based on religion
- Another was based on logical philosophy
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Who was Asclepius?
- The Greek God of healing
- His temples were called Asclepions - people went to stay in them when they were ill
- The cult was popular in the 5th and 4th centuries BC
- Visitors had to undergo ceremonial washing in the sea, make a sacrifice to the God and sleep in a building called an abaton
- An abaton was a narrow building with a roof but no solid walls
- Whilst sleeping in an abaton, Asclepius was supposed to come and cure them in a dream
- The snake is the sacred animal of Asclepius and can still be seen in the logos of many medial organisations
- Successes were engraved onto the walls of the Asclepions
- Hygeia and Panacea (Asclepius' daughters) were also involved in healing
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What was the role of women in Greek medicine?
They were allowed to be doctors
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What were Greek philosophers like?
- Tried to explain things rationally
- Sought to devise rational explanations and logical codes of conduct
- Attracted bands of followers such as the Brotherhood of Pythagoras
- Religion was interwoven with their logic
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Who was Thales of Miletus?
- The founder of Greek philosophy
- Thought water was the basis of life
- 580 BC
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Who was Anaximander?
- 560 BC
- Said all things were made of four elements - earth, water, fire, air
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Who was Pythagoras?
- 580-500 BC
- Thought life was about the balance of opposites
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Who was Hippocrates?
- 460-377 BC
- Acknowledged as the founding father of modern medicine
- Born on the island of Kos
- Travelled, taught medicine in Kos, died in Larissa
- Associated with the Hippocratic Oath and the Hippocratic Corpus
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What is the Hippocratic Oath?
- A promise made by doctors to obey the rules of behaviour in their professional lives
- Medical ethics are based on it
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What is the Hippocratic Corpus?
- A collection of medical books
- Some may have been written by Hippocrates or his followers
- Probably what survived of the library of the Kos School of Medicine
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What were the ideas of the Hippocratic Corpus?
- Hippocrates saw the healthy body as being in balance
- He thought illness was an imbalance of the elements
- 'Airs, Waters and Places' looks for environmental causes for disease - not Gods or Spirits
- 'Prognostic', 'Coan Prognostic' and 'Aphorisms' improved on the Egyptian ideas of diagnosis - by studying enough cases, Doctors could learn to predict the course of an illness
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What is the Clinical Method for Observation?
- Encouraged in the Hippocratic Corpus
- Four-step method for treating illness
- DIAGNOSIS - study the symptoms
- PROGNOSIS - consider and predict
- OBSERVATION - observe, note, compare
- TREATMENT - treat with confidence
- No action should be taken before a reliable diagnosis has been made
- Illnesses should be left to run their course - we call this Minimum Intervention
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