-
where do chromatids bind?
centromere
-
in S phase does the ploidy change?
no, 46 chromosomes and 92 chromatids
-
spindles form in what phase?
prophase
-
chromatin
chromosomes during prophase
-
where are centrioles located?
centrosome
-
what are spindle fibers created from?
microtubules
-
asters
microtubule attachment points that attaches to chromosomes
-
describe binary fission
- circular chromosomes attaches to cell wall
- replicated, while cell grow in size, plasma membrane and cell wall grow inward to invaginate
-
what are the types of asexual reproduction?
- budding
- regeneration (equal replication and unequal cytokinesis)
- parthenogenesis (organism from unfertilized egg
-
what is the reduction division
meiosis I
-
synapsis
homologous chromosomes come together and interwine
-
-
disjunction
homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite sides of the cell
-
are cells haploid or diploid in telophase I?
haploid because homologous chromosomes are separated
-
where does zygote form?
fallopian tube
-
what are the two components of testes?
- seminiferous tubules
- interstital cells (Leydig)
-
seminiferious tubules
sperm production (nourished by Sertoli cells)
-
interstitial cells (Leydig)
secrete testosterone and androgens
-
where are testes located?
in scrotum, hangs below the penis
-
where are sperms stored until ejaculation?
epididymis
-
where does sperm travel through during ejaculation?
ejaculatory duct and urethra
-
semen
sperm with seminal fluid produced by seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral gland)
-
process of spermatogenesis
- spermatogonia (diploid)
- primary spermatocyte (2n) Meiosis I
- secondary spermatocyte (n)
- spermatids (n) Meiosis II
- spermatozoa
-
where does the egg move into fallopian tube via?
abdominal cavity
-
outline from tube to vaginal canal
fallopian tube, uterus, cervix and vaginal canal
-
what kind of oocytes does females have at birth?
primary oocyte (2n) frozen in prophase I
-
each month what happens to the primary oocyte?
one oocyte per month will complete meiosis I to form secondary oocyte and polar body
-
what stage is secondary oocyte froze in until fertilization?
metaphase II
-
what surrounds the oocyte?
zona pellucida and corona radiata
-
what is the progression of oogenesis?
- primary (2n) Meiosis
- secondary (n) fertilization, complete meiosis II
-
cortical reaction
ca2+ released to cytoplasm from membrane to prevent multiple fertilization
-
monozygot
identical twins from zygote split into 2
-
dizygotic twins
2 eggs released in same cycle (non-identical DNA)
-
what phase does spindle apparatus interact with kinetochore fibers?
metaphase
-
with what is the oocyte drawn into fallopian tube from abdominal cavity?
cilia
-
what happens if oocyte is fertilized?
implant in uterine wall
-
what connects the epididymis to ejaculatory duct?
vas deferens
-
what phase in meiosis does cell become haploid?
after telophase I
-
interkinesis
during telophase I, chromosomes partially uncoil before entering meiosis II
-
determinate cells
committed to differentiating into certain type of cell
-
indeterminate
cell can still develop into complete organisms
-
morula
solid mass, several divisions/cleavages later
-
blastula
- blasted out cavity
- fluid filled inner cavity is known as blastocoel
-
what is in blastocyst
inner cell mass (gives rise to organism) and trophoblast (gives rise to chorion and later placenta)
-
where does blastocyst settle to implant?
in endometrium
-
what promotes the proliferation of endometrial (mucosal) layer?
progesterone
-
what allows embryo to settle into uterine wall?
proteolytic enzymes
-
gastrulation
generation of 3 distinct layers
-
in deuterosomes (humans) what develops into anus
blastopore
-
in protosomes blastopore develops into
mouth
-
ectoderm
attractoderm (eyes, looks, smarts)
-
mesoderm
how we get from place to place (bone, muscle, heart and blood)
-
endoderm
digestive tract and lungs
-
adrenal cortex is developed from what layer during gastrulation
mesoderm
-
adrenal medulla is developed from what layer during gastrulation
ectoderm b/c it has nervous tissue.
-
notochord is developed from what layer?
mesoderm
-
what gives rise to central nervous system?
neural tube
-
umbilical cord
provides nutrition for fetus, attaches to placenta (chorion)
-
amniotic fluid
shock absorber during pregnancy
-
yolk sac
site of early blood vessel development
-
difference between fetal and maternal Hb-O2 dissociation curve
fetal is more to the left, b/c it has higher affinity for oxygen so it can steal oxygen from mom
-
what is underdeveloped in fetus
lungs and liver
-
foramen ovale
connects right and left atria so that blood entering from right atrium from superior vena cava will flow into left atrium and pumped into the system
-
ateries do what?
carry blood away from heart
-
umbilical arteries
carry deoxygenated blood away from fetus
-
what state is the greatest nuclear to cytoplasm material ratio?
blastula
-
when baby is born what happens to resistance in pulmonary artery?
down b/c baby needs to breath on its own
-
what gestation period does baby develop brain?
first trimester
-
ductus venosus
allows blood to bypass liver before converging with inferior vena cava
-
ductus arteriosus
diverts blood from pulmonary artery to the aorta (divert blood from lungs)
-
what is the role of pulmonary arteries?
carry blood from right ventricle to lungs taking deoxygenated blood fom body to lungs
-
role of superior vena cava
bring in deoxygenated blood from upper body
-
what happens to pressure in right atrium when umbilical blood flow stops
decrease in blood pressure in inferior vena cava and decrease in pressure in right atrium
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