Biology 40s Exam - Long Answer

• Antibiotic resistant germs are bacteria that evolve to be immune to antibiotics.
• Doctors are concerned because these superbugs will evolve to be resistant to any antibiotic.

• Two species co-existing together.
• Fungi: provides water/protection for algae.
• Algae: provides food for fungi.

1^st fertilization: Fusion of pollen (sperm) + ovule > embryo (becomes seeds)

2^nd fertilization: Fusion of a second pollen (1N sperm) + polar nuclei (2N) > endosperm (3N) (becomes fruit)

• 1. The virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects its genetic material into the host cell.
• 2. The virus DNA/RNA tricks the host cell to make more viruses.
• 3. Viruses are assembled.
• 4. The host cell then ruptures and releases the viruses which reinfect other cells.

• Segmented Worms
• 1. An earthworm has a complete digestive system. Mouth-tube-anus. Mouth takes in food, anus releases digested wastes, so removal of digested wastes does not interfere with food intake.
• 2. They have setae or bristles on their ventral side that improves locomotion.
• 3. They are hermaphrodites which allows them to fertilize each other during copulation.
• 4. They extract their nutrients from the soil.

• Complete Metamorphosis: Larvae and adults are very different. Pupa formed. 
• ex) beetles, flies, bees, butterflies, ants
• eggs > larva > pupa > adult

• Incomplete Metamorphosis: The nymphs more or less resembles the adults. No pupa is formed.
• ex) grasshoppers, cockroaches, dragonflies
• eggs > nymphs > adults

Ectotherm: an animal where their internal body temperature is controlled by its surroundings.

• Endotherm: an animal that can maintain its own body temperature at a fixed temperature.
• -Class Aves
• -Class Mammals

• Monotremes:
• -lay eggs
• -carry eggs in pouches
• -body temp ~32 degrees
• -nurse young after hatching
• ex) platypus, anteater

• Marsupials:
• -pouched animals
• -body temp ~35 degrees
• -give birth to live young but very undeveloped
• -young attach to nipples and continue to develop in the pouch
• ex) kangaroos, koalas

• Placentals:
• -placenta for nutrients
• -placenta for a nutritive connection between embryo and uterus
• -young are well-developed when born
• ex) humans, dogs

A liver cell would be larger in size because they are eukaryotic. Liver cells have a nucleus and organelles unlike bacterial cells that do not .(prokaryotic and only contain DNA)>

They are autotrophic. Euglena need chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll to survive.

• 1. Malaria is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito.
• 2. The mosquito injects plasmodium sporozoites into the bloodstream.
• 3. These sporozoites then proceed to your liver where they are metabolized and changed into morozoites.
• 4. They then infect your RBCs.

• Decompose dead matter in ecosystems.
• E. coli in small intestine, helps digest food we can't and releases vitamins.
• Lactobacillus ingests lactose in milk.
• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria change inorganic N₂ into nitrates for plants.

• Cyanobacteria causes damage and slime in waterways.
• Cause food poisoning like cholera from contaminated water or salmonella from raw chicken.
• Respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis and pneumonia.