COHN-S.txt

Lead, mercury, manganese, carbon disulfide

Lead, DBCP, carbaryl, toluenediamine, dinitrotoluene, ethylene dibromide, stryene, acetone, ethylene glycol, monoethyl ether, welding, perchloroethylene, mercury, heatt, military radar, kepone, bromine, radiation,

Solvents, lead, mercury

Pesticdes, chlorophenates, solvents

Alcohols,cyclophosphamide, ethylene bromide, lead, opiates

Solvents, paint, pesticides, petroleum products

Neuro and behavioral defects

Ab, inc risk in birth defects, fetal solvent syndrome

Spont ab

Ab, sperm effects in maoes, teratogenesis in females

Ab, sperm effects in males, teratogenic effects in females

Ab, sperm effects in males, teratogenesis in females

Nervous, respiratory

Nervous, liver, GI, resp, hematopoietic, endocrine

Renal, nervous, GI, resp, bone, CV

Renal, nervous, liver, resp, skin

Nervous, GI, resp, endocrine, skin, CV

GI, hematopoietic

Males: sperm effects, offspring of exposed females: teratogenesis, cancer

Ab

Ab

Congenital PCB synd, mild neonatal growth/behavioral effects

Male and female reproductive effects

Nervous, resp, bone, skin

Nervous, liver, GI, resp, HP, endocrine

Renal, nervous, HP, endocrine

Nervous, resp

Renal, nervous GI, resp

Nervous, resp, skin

Renal, GI, skin

Resp, skin

Renal, nervous, liver, GI, resp, bone

GI, HP, bone

Anesthetics, cadmium, chloroprene, ethylene dibromide, lead, manganese

Aniline, benzene, carbon disulfide, chloroprene formaldehyde, lead, toluene

Mercury

Cadmium, CO, formaldehyde, mercury. toluene. vinyl chloride

Antineoplastics, benzene, lead

Benzene, cadmium, DDT, dieldrin, lead, mercury

Silica and metal dust

Chemical exposures

Pesticide exposures, heat illness, heavy lifting, hazardous equipment

Toxic dust inhalation (metals, abrasives)

Solvent inhalations

Ortho (standing/lifting) fume exposure from wrap 

• Struck by
• Caught in, under, between
• Struck against
• Fall from height
• Fall on same level
• MVA
• Overexertion
• Repetitive trauma
• Other causes physical trauma (electric current, radiation, temperature extremes, chemicals, tissue abrasions)

• 1. Establishing standards for prof. practice
• 2. Credentialling (licensure, performance monitoring, certification and testing)
• 3. CE
• 4. Performance appraisals compared to established standards
• 5. Audit procedures and data collection
• 6. Monitoring for a quick check of quality of care
• 7. Ongoing problem identification and monitoring
• 8. Resource utilization monitoring
• 9. Continuous risk management

• Human factors engineering: gauges, warding buzzers, signs, instructions, controls
• Anthropometry: design of clothing, machines, furniture and tools
• Occup. biometrics: studies effects of work on muscles/connective tissues and devleopement of M-S disorders
• Work physiology: deals with ways work affects the CVS, resp system and skeletal muscles with goal of preventing body fatigue

• Vibration
• Numbness, tingling, ashen skin, loss of feeling and control

• Worksite analysis
• Hazard prevention and control
• Medical management
• Training and education

Policies/procedures; do not remove hazards, but attempt to control it 

• Working with hands over head
• Shoulder pain and stiffness

• Tingling, numbness, loss of sensation, pain in thumb, IF, MF half of RF
• Repetitive/forceful manual tasks

Excessive twisting/gripping

• Has potential to cause cancer through:
• Initiation (genetic mutations occur)
•   Body can repair/prevent cancer@this point
• Promotion (changes are stimulated to be cancer)

• Correlation between dose and effect
•      Effective: positive therapeutic effect
•     Threshold: dose at which drug begins to have an effect

Time between moment of exposure to a chemical and when an observable effect is realized

Toxic: has potential to cause harm to organism

Hazard: potential for damage is severe enough that it can result in poisoning

Thus, every toxic chemical is not necessarily toxic. Toxicity cannot be altered, but safe work practices can control hazards.

• Poison: chemical that produces illness or death when a person is exposed to only small quantities
• Technically: chemical  with an LD50 of 50 mg or less per kg of body weight. The lower the LD50, the great the toxicity

Toxin: chemical that produces a negative effect. 

All poisons are toxins, but not all toxins are poisons

Simple: displace oxygen in the air (carbon dioxide)

Chemical: block absorption of oxygen in body at cellular level: eg carbon monoxide

• 1. Scientific literature/exposure limit guides
• TLVs (threshold limit values) published by American Conference of Govt. Hygenists (ACGIH)
• 2. Legal requirements: OSHA, federal, state, and local regs
• 3. Data gathered from worker evaluatons: work process assessment, worksite assessment, biological sampling and environmental sampling

• Integrated sampling: moves known volume of air through filter over a specific period of time
•     Active: air physically forced through filter using a sampling pump
•     Passive: Air is not mechanically forced through filter, but allowed to pass at natural rates as by diffusion

One that results in change (mutation) to the DNA of organism

Time-weighted avg concentration that all workers are exposed to during a normal 40-hr work week and to which no negative effects are observed. Typical, consistently repeated exposure that produces to harm to workers

Concentration workers can be exposed to continuously over a short period of time where no noticeable negative effects are observed.

Concentration considered top, threshold limit. exposure level at which noticeable and negative effects are realized. Should never  be surpassed.

Uses container to collect a sample of air which is analyzed for concentration of contaminants. Instant, point in time assessment, so NOT best technique for assessing exposure levels throughout day. Used if you want to determine contaminant levels at a time when it is known that levels are high

• -Name of material per label
• -Chemical and common name of all ingredients
• -Physical and chemical characteristics of every hazardous ingredient
• -Physical hazards of chemicals
• -Health hazards of chemicals including signs and symptoms of exposures and health conditions that can be made worse by exposure
• -Primary routes of entry
• -Exposure limits
• -Carcinogenic status
• -Necessary control measures
• -Precautions for safe handling
• -Emergency and first-aid measures
• -Date of preparation of MDSS
• -Contact information of all parties responsible for preparaton of MDSS

• Classification/Lethal Dose for adult/Example
• 1. Practically nontoxic: >15 -15g/kg (more than one quart-sugar)
• 2. Slightly toxic: 5-15 g/kg (one pint to one quart-salt)
• 3. Moderately toxic:  .5-5 g/kg (one ounce to one pint 2,4-D herbicide)
• 4. Very toxic: 50-500 mg/kg (one tbsp- one oz-arsenic acid)
• 5. Extremely toxic:  5-50 mg/kg (7 gtts to one tsp-nicotine)
• 6. Supertoxic: <5 mg/kg (<7 gtts-botulin toxin)

• Provide a measurement to which results of biological monitoring tests can be compared
• Provide warning of exposure and not an indication of the negative effects of a substance

• 1970
• Excludes: self-employed, farms that don't employ outside help and industries regulated by other federal agencies
• Created OSHA
• Companies can be inspected at any time without advance notice
• Created NIOSH which performs and funds OH and safety related research

1993

Up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave within a year without demotion or losing job

Employee must give 30 days leave whenever possible

• Birth and care of a child
• Adoption or foster placement of a child
• Care of a parent, spouse or child with serious health condition
• Worker's own ability to work due to a serious health condition

• Work for employer has at least 50 workers within a 75 mi radius
• Must have worked for 12 months for at least 1250 hours

• Independent learning: give them self-directed activities
• Previous experience: use learner's experience as a base
• Readiness to learn: take advantage of moments when learners are receptive to information (pregnancy, diagnosis with illness)
• Problem-oriented learning: address the specific concerns and problems of the learner, making learning experience relevant and specific

• a: number of individuals exposed who have the diseae
• b: number of individuals exposed who do NOT have the disease
• c: Number of individuals unexposed who have the disease
• d: Numbers of individuals unexposed who do NOT have the disease

• Total number exposed: a+b/Total number unexposed: c+d
• Total number with disease: a+c/Total number without the disease: b+d

• Disease rate in exposed/disease rate in unexposed
• a/(a+b)  /  c/(c+d)

• Primary: eliminating or reducing risks
• Secondary:  early detection and initial management
• Tertiary: after disease is detected and is irreversible, rehab and return to optimal level of health within confines of disease

Wrong committed against a person or their property: fraud, invasion of privacy, defamation

Actions that compromise the standard of care to which all nurses are supposed to be committed

Neglect of a patient due to unprofessional conduct or lack of skill

Applies to employers with more than 11 employees

Recorded in OSHA 300 log

• Injuries that result in :
• Death
• Missed days of work
• Job restrictions
• LOC
• Serious injuries or illnesses that are diagnosed by a physician or those that require major medical treatment
• Needlesticks/HBBF exposure
• Privacy cases must also be reported

Host, agent, environment

• Standard requires that the worker or a delegated rep must have access to the occ health records
• Provided without charge within 15 days
• Requires signed consent: which records, purpose of the release, to whom they are being released, date, authorization time period, authority by which records are being requested and identification of the employe
• Not allowed to take originals

• Income replacement for time ee is unable to work
• Support for dependents in case of work-related death
• Hospital, medical and funeral expenses
• In some cases, related travel and parking expenses

• Must be provided whether or not accident was a result of employee neglect
• If accepted, employee no longer to seek legal action against employer

Have a physical or mental condition that limits their ability to participate in life activties

• Applies to employers with more than 15 employees
• Cannot deny an individual a job  because of disability
• Persons with disabilities must be provided with reasonable accomodations
• EEOC enforces

Number of events/Number of people at risk X population constant k

Usually reported per 100,000

• Implantation (6-7 days): embryonic death
• Organogenesis (7 days-2 mos): birth defects
• Embryonic period (0-3 mos): birth defects
• Fetal Period (3-9 mos): developmental and behavioral deficits, endocrine and immune dysfunction, cancer
• Neonatal period (after birth): functional defects

• Dusts: solid particles that result from physical processes, like handling, crushing, grinding
• Fumes: solid particles that result form condensation of gases or due to chemical reactions like oxidatin
• Mists: drops of liquid that are suspened in the air due to the change of a gas to a liquid or by dispersing a liquid by splashing or foaming
• Vapors: the gaseous state of a liquid that is commonly found in its solid or liquid state
• Gases Fluid that tend to stay in the gaseous state and can only changed into a liquid or solid state by a combination of increasing pressure and decreasing temperature

• OSHA publishes
• Based on TLVs developed by ACGIH
• PELs not updated as frequently as TLVs, so TLVs may be more accurate/updated

• Published by NIOSH
• Time weighted for up to a 10 hour day of  a 40 hour workweek