-
the act of breathing
respiration
-
it is measured in breaths per minute
rate
-
normal adult respiration rate
16-20
-
___ is generally described as normal, shallow or deep
respiration depth
-
a pulmonary equipment
spiromanometer
-
it refers to the regularity of inhalations and exhalations
the rhythm of respiration
-
primarily denotes deviation from eupnea respiration that is quiet, rhythmic and effortless
the character of respiration
-
common respiratory patterns
- eupnea
- apnea
- tachypnea
- bradypnea
- Cheyne-Stokes
- Dyspnea
- Orthopnea
- Hyperventilation
- Hypoventilation
- Kausmaul's respiration
- Apneustic
- Biot's
- Sterterous
-
refers to normal respiration
eupnea
-
temporary cessation of breathing
apnea
-
increased respiration as seen in fever
tachypnea
-
rapid respiration marked by quick shallow breaths above 20 breaths per minute in adults
tachypnea
-
slow but regular respiration
bradypnea
-
less than 12 breaths per minute in adults
bradypnea
-
respiration gradually becomes faster and deeper than normal, then slow alternate and periods of apnea that lasts for 20-60 secs
Cheyne-Stokes
-
difficult and painful or labored breathing
dyspnea
-
inability to breathe when in lying position
orthopnea
-
very deep rapid respiration
hyperventilation
-
carbon dioxide is excessively exhaled
respiratory alkalosis
-
shallow and slow respiration
hypoventilation
-
carbon dioxide is excessively retained
respiratory acidosis
-
faster and deeper respiration than normal without pauses
Kausmaul's respiration
-
prolonged gasping inhalation, followed by extremely short inefficient exhalation
apneustic
-
faster and deeper respiration than normal with abrupt pauses between each breath
Biot's
-
noisy breathing
sterterous
-
respiration abnormal in character
- dyspnea
- wheezing
- orthopnea
- stridor
- rales
- rhonchi
-
three process of respiration
- ventilation
- diffusion
- perfusion
-
the movement of gasses in and out of the lungs
ventilation
-
the exchange of gasses from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
diffusion
-
the availability and movement of blood for transport of gasses, nutrients and metabolic waste products
perfusion
-
diffusion occurs at the ___
alveolo-capillary membrane
-
two types of breathing
- costal (thoracic) breathing
- diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing
-
involves the movement of the chest
costal (thoracic) breathing
-
involves movement of the abdomen
diaphragmatic (abdominal) breathing
-
respiratory centers
- medulla oblongata
- pons
- carotid and aortic bodies containing peripheral chemoreceptors
- muscles and joints containing proprioreceptors
-
the primary respiratory center
medulla oblongata
-
pons contains the ___
- pneumotaxic center
- apneustic center
-
responsible for the rhythmic quality of breathing
pneumotaxic center
-
responsible for deep, prolonged inspiration
apneustic center
-
these take up the work of breathing when central chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are damaged
carotid and aortic bodies containing peripheral chemoreceptors
-
major factors affecting the respiratory rate
- exercise
- stress
- environment
- increased altitude
- mediations
-
increase temperature of the environment ___ respiratory rate
decreases
-
decrease temperature of the environment ___ respiratory rate
increases
-
it is the measure of the pressure of blood as it circulates in the arteries
blood pressure
-
blood pressure is measured in ___
millimeter of mercury
-
normal blood pressure
120/80
-
two kinds of blood pressure
- systolic pressure
- diastolic pressure
-
the pressure of blood at the height of the wave when the heart contracts
systolic presssure
-
the pressure of the blood at the low point in the wave when the heart muscle relaxes
diastolic pressure
-
the lowest pressure and is present at all times within the ___
diastolic pressure; arteries
-
the difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
-
it's normally 70mL of blood for each contraction
cardiac output
-
normally an adult has ___ of circulating blood
6 liters
-
channel of the blood vessel
lumen
-
a series of sounds when taking BP
Korotkoff sound
-
5 phases of korotkoff sound
- sharp tapping
- a swishing or whooshing sound
- a thump softer than tapping phase 1
- a softer blowing muffled sounds that fades
- silence
-
two common problem of blood pressure
-
abnormally high blood pressure
hypertension
-
abnormally low blood pressure
hypotension
-
name of Korotkoff
Nikolai
-
blood pressure is measured with
- blood pressure cuff
- sphymomanometer
- stethoscope
-
consist of a bladder, rubber bulb, valve
blood pressure cuff
-
rubber bag that can be inflated with air
bladder
-
inflates the bladder
rubber bulb
-
releases the air in the bladder when released
valved
-
bladder too narrow --> ___
erroneously elevated
-
bladder too wide --> ___
erroneously low
-
width of the blood pressure cuff
40% of the circumference or 20% wider than the diameter of the midpoint of the limb on which it is used
-
length of the blood pressure cuff
should almost encircle the limb and cover from 60%%-100% of its circumference -- preferably 80
-
measurement that indicates the pressure of the air within the bladder
sphygmomanometer
-
types of sphygomomanometer
- aneroid
- electronic/digital
-
calibrated with a needle that points to the calibrations
aneroid
-
eliminate the need to listen to the sounds of the patients systolic and diastolic pressures through a stethoscope
electronic/digital
-
determinants of blood pressure
- blood volume
- peripheral resistance
- cardiac output
- elasticity or compliance of blood vessels
- blood viscosity
-
refers to the quantity of blood being circulated in the body
blood volume
-
blood volume that raises BP
hypervelomia
-
blood volume that lowers bp
hypovolemia
-
the resistance offered by the arteriole vessels to the flow of the blood which primarily depends on the condition of the arterioles
peripheral resistance
-
peripheral resistance that elevates the BP
vasoconstriction
-
peripheral resistance that lowers the vp
vasodilation
-
means the amount of blood pumped by the heart
cardiac output
-
it is the capacity of the arteries to stretch
elasticity or compliance of blood vessels
-
TIA
transient ischemic attack
-
refers to the state of blood being sticky and gummy
blood viscosity
-
viscosity increases markedly when the ___ is more than 60%-65%
hematocrit
-
factors affecting blood pressure
- age
- race
- medications
- exercise
- obesity
- stress
- diurnal variation
- gender
- disease process
-
BP should not be measured...
- in an arm with an intravenous (IV) line
- in the side of he body which a breast has been removed
- in an arm with a shunt
-
sites for taking blood pressure
- upper extremity
- lower extremity
-
cuff is wrapped around the upper arm
upper extremity
-
cuff is wrapped around the thigh or on the leg just below the ankle
lower extremity
-
inflates the cuff to stop the blood flow in the artery for a few seconds
pump
-
lets the air out of the cuff which allows the blood flow to start again
valve
-
a numbered dial or a column of mercury can be used to record blood pressure
dial
-
wrapped around the upper arm
cuff
-
metal part of the stethoscope which the tubing is fitted
headset
-
the headset is made up of ___
- two eartubes
- tension springs
- eartips
-
part of the stethoscope that is place on the location where the user wants to hear sound
chest piece
-
part of the stethoscope that fit into your ears
eartips
-
part of the stethoscope where the eartips are attached
eartube
-
consists of a bell and diaphragm
tunable diaphragm
-
used for light skin contact to hear low frequency sounds
bell
-
used with firm skin contact to hear high frequency sounds
diaphragm
-
connect the stethoscope tubing to the chest piece
stem
-
-
detect temperature by placing it in the tympanic membrane of a person
probe
-
aural thermometer measures heat through
infrared light
-
where the temperature is shown
display window
-
part of the digital thermometer used to detect the temperature
bulb
-
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