Geography key terms

product or service that is brought into a country from another country

product or service produced in one country for sale in another

industry that deals with the production of primary products (mining, logging)

industry dealing with manufacturing or contruction

Industry that provides services rather than goods

highly specialized (and usually expensive) knowledge-based technological and support services

• total value of the goods and services produced within a country per person, excluding transactions with other countries. 
• Per capita

approach to development that meets the needs of the present without negatively affecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs

situation in which a country has bought less in goods or services that it has sold in exports

situation in which a country has bought more in goods or services that it has sold in exports

Tax charged on goods imported into a country to protect local industries from foreign competition

index that includes measures of health, education, and wealth to indicate a country's level of human development

Something used by an industry to be processed into a more finished state

processing raw materials into a more finished state

e.g. Iron ore-> iron ingot

use of a renewable resource at a rate that allows the resource to renew itself

well established source of energy such as oil, natural gas, coal, hydro, and nuclear

non conventional energy source such as solar, wind, and biomass

idea that the world is becoming like one large village because of improvements in communication

Organization that is not part of a government and provides a wide range of aid around the world

corporations that have operations in countries outside of their country if origin that are also known as transnational corporations

Crust: hard and rigid, it's earth's outermost and thinnest layer, only 5 km thick under the oceans and averaging 30 km thick under the continents

Mantle: Subdivided into two regions, upper and lower, this dense layer made of hot, semi-solid rock is located directly below the crust and is about 2900 km thick

Outer Core: The outer core is the only liquid layer of the earth - a sea of mostly iron and nickel. it is roughly 2890 to 5150 km below the surface and is about 2300 km thick

Inner Core: An extremely hot, solid sphere of mostly iron and nickel at the centre of the earth. it is 5150 to 6378 km below the surface and about 1200 km in diameter.

lithosphere:  made up of the crust and a tiny bit of the upper mantle, this layer is divided into several constantly (very slow) moving plates

Asthenosphere: The plates of the lithosphere move on this hot, malleable semi-liquid zone in the upper mantle, directly under the lithosphere

the future super-continent

• -under continents
• -thicker (35 to 70 km)
• -older

• -thinner (7 to 10 km)
• -under oceans

two plates pushing towards each other

e.g. eurasian and indian plates

two plates moving apart from each other

e.g. african and arabian plates

two plates slide past each other

e.g. pacific and Australian plates

arc-shaped chain of volcanoes formed above a subduction zone

steep-sided depression in the ocean floor

molten rock, gases, and solid crystals and minerals

a vent in the earth's surface through which magma and gases erupt

the area where one plate is being puller under the edge of another

high, large mass of earth and rock that rises above the earth's surface with steep or sloping sides

a series of connected mountains close to each other geographically of of common origin

the border between two tectonic plates

when plates move apart and create a crack in the sea food through which magma oozes

a raised ridge in the ocean caused by magma oozing from between plates

crack of fracture in the earth's crust caused by two plates grinding against each other

sudden movement of plates caused by tension between two plates

the motion of two plates at a transform boundary

• cenozoic era (66 may to present - 1.4%)
• -human being
• -age of mammals
• -modern life forms evolve
• -ice sheets cover most of n. america
• -continents take on present shapes
• -formation of rocky mountains complete

• mosozoic era (245 to 66 mya - 3.9%)
• -age of reptiles and dinosaurs (mesosaur)
• -first flowering plants
• -first birds and mammals
• -formation of rocky mountains begins
• -innutian mountains form
• -shallow seas cover interior of n. america at various times

• paleozoic era (570 to 245 may - 7%)
• -age of amphibians and fish
• -first insects
• -large swamps form coal
• -first plants and animals appear on land
• -periods where shallow seas cover large parts of n. america
• -lowlands and Appalachians form

• pre-cambian era (4.6 billion to 570 may
• 87.6%)
• -first single and multi-celled organisms appear
• -pre-cambrian shields form (Canadian shield, Brazilian, african, Australian)
• -time of major volcanic activity

• quaternary (1.8 may to present)
• tertiary (65-1.8 mya)

• cretaceous (146-64 mya)
• jurassic (200-146 mya)
• triassic (251-200 mya)

• permian (299-251 mya)
• carboniferous (359-299 mya)
• devonian (416-359 mya)
• sliurian (444-416 mya)
• ordovician (488-444 mya)
• cambrian (542-488 mya)

precambrian (4570-542 mya)

• 1. Eurasion plate
• 2. north american plate
• 3. south american plate
• 4. pacific plate
• 5. antarctic plate
• 6. african plate
• 7. nazca plate
• 8. Australian indian plate
• 

• 1. Magma rock
• -layers of rock below the earth's surface that's melted
• -when forced to the earth's surface it's called lava

• 2. Igneous rock
• -when mama cools and turns to hard rock
• -all rock originates from igneous rock
• -granite (e.g. canadian shield)

• 3. rock usually formed in layers from the compression of sediments over millions of years
• -erosion deposits
• -e.g. limestone

• 4. metamorphic rock
• -when sedimentary and igneous rock are subjected to great heat and pressure
• -layers of rock
• -e.g. gems

• -more snow builds up in winter than melts in summer
• -snow compresses

pressure underneath glacier + gravity = moving glacier

• a glacier that is located in a mountainous region that moves slowly downwards
• -moves due to gravity

• a glacier that occupies a large piece of land
• -moves due to their own weight

the earth's crust is depressed as a result of the weight of the ice. when the ice melts the surface slowly bounces back. it is still going on today.

• TOTAL yearly precipitation:
• -add each month's precipitation total together

• AVERAGE yearly temperature:
• -add the temperatures for each month together, than divide by 12

• TEMPERATURE RANGE:
• -calculate the difference between your warmest and coldest monthly temperature