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What is the difference between a directional and nondirectional hypothesis
Directional (pos/neg, more/less)
Nondirectional: there is a change but not specific
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Describe the theory-research relationship
theory > hypothesis > observation > confirmation or vice versa
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What proposition tends to be at a higher level of abstraction? It is broad and vague.
Theoretical proposition
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What are definitions that are broad "whats driving my study"
conceptual
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What are definitions that specify more clearly
operational
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what are definitions that include how your going to measure it
empirical
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What two key elements are in a research question?
- phenomena of interest
- population
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What must you look at within the independent variable?
temporal nature (doesn't precede the other)
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Do all research questions have all components of PICO?
NO
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Do all research questions have a comparison?
NO
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What is a statement about what you expect to change?
hypothesis
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What type of hypothesis tells us what we specifically expect to change?
directional
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During the theory/research relationship, what type of research method is involved if it starts with theory? (quantitative or qualitative??)
Quantitative
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During the theory/research relationship, what type of research method is involved when it starts with confirmation? (Quantitative or qualitative??)
Qualitative (creating a theory about what you saw)
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Can a speculation and collection of a proposition prove a theory ?
NO
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How do we make sure research was done in a safe well thought out manner that protects humans
- Protect human rights
- understand informed consent
- understand institutional review of research
- balance benefits/risk in a study
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What is a situation in which the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements for a rigorous study
ethical dilemma in conducting research
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3 types of consent
- informed (document)
- implied (email)
- Process (qualitative)
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types of external review
- human subject committee
- Institutional
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What is selecting a group of people, events, behaviors, or other elements with which to conduct a study
sampling
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What is the entire set of individuals that meet sampling criteria
population
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What is the portion of target population to which the researcher has reasonable access
accessible population
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what is an individual unit of a population
element
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What is written in a positive statement that is included in study that will specifically define our population
inclusion
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What is negative, not included in study that will specifically define our population
exclusion
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what is extending the findings of a sample study to a larger population
generalization
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what influences a generalization
quality and consistency of study
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What is a repeating study and keeping it as true to the second study to expand info
replication
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What is the sample the accessible population, and the target population are alike in as many ways as possible
representativeness
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What needs to be evaluated under representativeness
- setting
- characteristic
- values on variables
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what is an error of the difference in the population and the sample? (mean reading)
sampling error
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what is the percentage of subjects that declined to participate in the study
refusal rate
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what is the withdrawal or loss of subjects from a study?
sample mortality
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What increases the representativeness of the sample based on target population
random sampling
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What is a listing of every member of the population, using the sampling criteria to define membership
sampling frame
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What are outline strategies used to obtain a sample for a study
sampling plan
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